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EFFECT OF DIALOGIC TEACHING ON ENGLISH SPEAKING SKILLS
Abstract.
This paper aims to
investigate the influence of dialogic teaching on the development
of the
learners'
speaking skills. It is
questioning why Kazakh students are unable to express themselves
efficiently and
comfortably.
This seems crucial and
imperative for students and it shouldn’t shape any obstacle for
future development. Accordingly, this paper poses a significant
issue that every learner of English needs to ponder. To collect
data for the study, three tools has been used; a questionnaire, an
interview and an observation. The questionnaire was distributed
throughout thestudents who had been selected from different
universities. The collected data is analyzed quantitatively and
qualitatively. Data analysis has shown that dialogic teaching
enables students to develop the skills of argumentation,
questioning and debate which contribute to the development of their
speaking skills. Generally, the findings indicate that authentic
dialogic teaching components are effective if students are given
enough time to practice its
skills.
Key words:
dialogic teaching, English
language learners, speaking
skills.
Introduction:
Students encounter
difficulties to express themselves comfortably and efficiently
either when dealing
with
academic topics or every
day topics. The researchers think that, dialogic teaching method is
one of the
effective
strategies moreover they
considered it to be the educative potential of teacher – student
interaction that enables students to play active part in shaping
the topics of classroom discourse. Dialogic teaching which is
collective, reciprocal, cumulative, stresses the potential of
collaborative, group work
and
peer assistance to promote
mutually responsive learning in the zone of proximal
development.
Objectives of the paper:
The present paper is aiming to achieve the following
objectives:
1. To investigate the role
of dialogic teaching in developing learners’ speaking
skills.
2. To explain the role of
dialogic teaching in engaging learners through the medium of
speaking.
Materials and
methods:
Two methods were used:
Quantitative analysis was used for analyzing the data collected
through questionnaire
and
check list. The analysis
was done by using the statistical package for social science
program and the results
were
represented in the form of
frequencies and percentage tables and figures. Qualitative analysis
was used for analyzing interviews, where interviews, and documents
are the typical sources of qualitative data which can be captured
on audio recording or video, cameras, charts and most commonly
textual transcriptions. These texts, documents and recordings are
analysed for their meaningful content and they are interpreted
rather than counted or
measured.
Grounded in the principles
of collectivistic, reciprocity, support, cumulating and
purposefulness, dialogic
teaching
draws on recent
psychological and neuroscientific research on children’s
development and cognition as well as on a long tradition of
observational and process-product research on teaching. [1, p.10].
The approach links with the work of Bakhtin, (Bakhtin, M. (1986),
The impact of Dialogic Teaching on English Language. Barnes,
Mercer, Bruner, J. S. (1978). and with new developments in cultural
psychology and activity theory. Dialogic teaching has been
intensively trailed in London, Yorkshire and other parts of Britain
[6, p. 22]. Practicing dialogic teaching according to Alexander is
based on the six pedagogical values which start with the purposes
of education, the nature of knowledge and the relationship between
teacher and
learner:
1)Teaching as transmission
sees education primarily as a process of instructing children to
absorb, replicate
and
apply basic information
and skills.
2)Teaching as initiation
sees education as the means of providing access to, and passing on
from one generation
to
the next, the culture’s
stock of high-status knowledge, for example in literature, the
arts, humanities and the
sciences.
3)Teaching as negotiation
reflects the Deweyan idea that teachers and students jointly create
knowledge and
understanding rather than
relate to one another as authoritative source of knowledge and its
passive
recipient.
4)Teaching as facilitation
guides the teacher by principles which are developmental (and, more
specifically,
Piagetian) rather than
cultural or epistemological. The teacher respects and nurtures
individual differences, and
waits
until children are ready
to move on instead of pressing them to do
so.
5)Teaching as
acceleration, in contrast, implements the Vygotskian principle
thateducation is planned and
guided
acculturation rather than
facilitated ‘natural’ development, and indeed that the teacher
seeks to outpace
development
ratheк
than follow
it.
6)Teaching as technique,
finally, is relatively neutral in its stance on society, knowledge
and the child. Here
the
important issue is the
efficiency of teaching regardless of the context of values, and to
that end imperatives
like
structure, economic use of
time and space, carefully graduated tasks, regular assessment and
clear feedback are more pressing than ideas such as democracy,
autonomy, development or the disciplines [2, p.
6].
1. Dialogic teaching
approach
• Dialogic teaching is an
approach and a professional outlook rather than a specific method.
It requires teachers
to
rethink not just the
techniques they use but also the classroom relationships. They
foster, the balance of power between teachers teaching performance
and the way they conceive knowledge. [9, p.
31].
• Dialogic teaching, like
all good teaching, is grounded in evidence and
principles.
• And like all good
teaching it draws on a broad repertoire of strategies and
techniques.
• The teacher draws on
this repertoire in response to different educational purposes and
contexts, the needs
of
different pupils, and the
diverse character of what is to be taught and learned. [10,
p.85]
Dialogic teaching has five
principles that has been identified by Alexander,
R:
• The talk of everyday
life is identified by sociolinguists as any kind of talk which
empowers and support
everyday
human interactions. The
kind of talk that educational institutions perform to help learners
to develop, explore and use each of these: transactional talk,
expository talk, interrogatory talk, exploratory talk, expressive
talk, and evaluative talk [3, p.
37].
• Learning talk. In
dialogic teaching learners do not just provide brief factual
answers to test or recall questions,
or
merely spot the answer
which they think the teacher wants to hear. Instead they learn to:
narrate, explain,
analyze,
speculate , imagine,
explore, evaluate, discuss, argue, justify and they ask questions
of their own.
• Teaching talk. In
dialogic classrooms teachers may use familiar kinds of teaching
talk such as rote,
recitation,
instruction. But in
dialogic classrooms teachers do not limit themselves to these. They
also use: discussion,
scaffold
dialogue.
• Classroom organization
[4, p. 91].
What is dialogic teaching?
The term “dialogic teaching” is particularly associated with
Alexander’s focus on
talk
between teachers and
students in the classroom. Alexander’s point in using this
Bakhtinian definition of dialogue is that it is only by engaging in
live dialogue, either with each other, directly with the teacher,
or vicariously by listening to others in dialogue, that students
learn to think. [3, p.46] This understanding of dialogue as a form
of open ended shared inquiry links Alexander’s ‘dialogic teaching’
to Nystrand’s “dialogic instruction’ (1997), Matusov’s ‘dialogic
pedagogy’ (2009), Wells’ ‘Dialogic inquiry’ (1999), and Wegerif’s
‘Dialogic education’. In other words, the aim of education is not
only that the students will learn something that the teacher
already knows but also that the students will learn how to ask open
questions a nd how to learn new things for themselves through
engaging in dialogic inquiry. [12, p. 97]. Dialogic teaching
components. Studies of classroom communication have identified five
components of dialogic teaching and they have been referred to as
patterns of interaction these are; exploratory talk, argumentation,
effective questioning, debate and dialogue [13, p.
9].
These components are
believed to promote high level of understanding and intellectual
development through
their
capacity to invo lve
teachers and learners in joint acts of meaning – making and
knowledge
construction.
The word dialogue comes
from two Greek roots, dia and logos, suggesting “meaning following
through”. In
common sense, ‘Dialogue’
is defined as a process of conversation between two or more persons
for
exchanging.
• Dialogue seems to be
emerging as a cornerstone for “organizational
learning”.
• Dialogue appears to be a
powerful way of harnessing the inherent-organizing collective
intelligence of groups
of
people and of both
broadening and deepening the collective inquiry
process.
• Dialogue shows
possibilities for being an important breakthrough in the way people
might govern
themselves,
whether in public or
private
domains.
• Dialogue shows promise
as an innovative alternative approach to producing coordinated
action among
collective.
The relationship between
dialogue and pedagogy. Smith and Higgins (2006) suggest that the
focus of
attention
should be placed, not on
the questions that teachers ask, but more on the way in which they
react to learners’ responses; in this they share some commonality
with Alexander’ notion of an ‘emerging pedagogy’ of talk as means
of helping to shape and develop learners’ engagement with learning
and understanding [5, p.
61].
Promotion of pedagogic
dialogue Moore believes that the discourse of the ‘charismatic’
teacher is a powerful myth founded on Burner‘s notion of ‘folk
pedagogy’ [7, p. 95]. He suggests that ‘charisma’, the
characteristic regularly cited by students as paramount in a good
teacher, might be better conceptualized as
‘communicative’.
The power of dialogic
approaches to learning and teaching can extend beyond whole class
teaching. Indeed, it
may
argued that productive use
of cognitively stimulating dialogue could be explored most
fruitfully in small-group learning. This, however, does not appear
to be widely recognized by teachers as practice that promotes
thinking and
understanding. As Baines
et al. (2003, p.31) point out, “creating effective group-working
tasks and conditions is harder and more time consuming than a
traditional independent and didactic learning approach”. It may
also be the result of a lack of understanding of ways to scaffold
dialogue, and of what their talk role might be in promoting this
[8, p. 351].
Results and
Discussions:
This part consists of two
sections. The first section is concerned with the analysis and
discussion of the
data
obtained from students'
questionnaire. The second section deals with the English language
lecturers' responses to
the
interview which was
designed to get their viewpoints on the influence of dialogic
teaching on the development of the learners' speaking skills and
thinking. Dialogic teaching enhances the learners' skills of
speaking. According to the researcher's view point, this high
percentage indicates the effectiveness of dialogic teaching enable
the learners to value the difference between dialogic teaching and
didactic teaching. In addition, it may refer to the fact that this
type of teaching maximizes students' talking time which in turn
enhances their speaking skills. Dialogic teaching develops the
learner's thinking. This proves that dialogic teaching can give
students the opportunity to extend their talk and their thinking.
The development of the learners' of reasoning can be achieved
through mastering argumentation skills. Using the technique of
dialogue in teaching provides the learners with opportunity to
listen to each other. Dialogic teaching develops the learner's
debating skills. Teachers stated that dialogic teaching improves
learners’ influence and speech mechanisms through teaching students
to take turns and have positive roles. Also it gives students a
chance to think critically, develop influence, and empower them to
express their views freely and confidently. Only one respondent did
not think that dialogic teaching is effective in developing
dialogue, debate, argumentation and questioning skills of students
because the teacher controls the class through this way, i.e. the
teacher becomes the center of the class which restricts the ability
of students in dialogue, debate, argumentation and questioning
skills. When discussing the effectiveness of the above mentioned
skills in developing learners' speaking and thinking skills, almost
all respondents stated that all the above skills, with more
concentration on debate and argumentation skills which provide
learners with chances to exchange and share their ideas with each
others, so this will help them to expand their ideas and thoughts
which will improve their thinking and speaking skills. One of the
interviewees believe that only dialogue and questioning skills suit
student's knowledge and experience at this stage. Students at this
level are unable to use debate and argumentation skills in class.
Another interviewee said that dialogue is the most effective skill
because all students can participate through using dialogue. He
also stated that questioning technique is important in refreshing
learner's ideas and thoughts. Most of the
interviewed
teachers stated that there
are many challenges facing dialogic teaching in Kazakh universities
such as the lack of enough time, motivation, students’ language
proficiency levels and the influence needed to develop these
skills. The major challenge is how to offer adequate training for
teachers on modern techniques of dialogic teaching. [11,
p.58]
Analyzing the interviews,
students' responses to the questionnaire and the performance of the
participants in
the
classroom debate activity
has come out with the following
results:
1. Dialogic teaching
provides an opportunity for students to be actively
engaged.
2. Dialogic teaching
enables students to develop the skills of argumentation,
questioning and debate
which
contribute to the
development of their thinking and speaking
skills.
3. Dialogic teaching uses
techniques such as dialogue, questioning, argumentation and debates
to allow the
teacher
and his/her students to
address the learning task
together.
4. In dialogic teaching,
learners are active participants in the teaching – learning
processes.
5. Asking questions
frequently during class discussion is positively related to good
achievement in
communication
skills.
6. Debates as an active
instructional strategy enhances learning particularly in the areas
of developing
thinking
skills and oral
communication.
7. Dialogic teaching
develops learners’ thinking and speaking skills if it is applied on
its scientific
basis.
8. Dialogic teaching
provides learners the opportunity to practice effectively speaking
skills.
9. Dialogic teaching
components are effective if students are given enough time to
practice these
skills.
10. These skills can be
effective if they are practiced in authentic communicative
situations.
11. The effectiveness of
dialogic teaching depends on the teacher who is supposed to be of
high proficiency
and
aware of these
techniques.
Conclusion:
The components of dialogic
teaching skills which had been tested throughout the research, they
explained that
they
are effective and
interactive in learners' speaking and thinking. The most essential
results are explored by
some
interviewees who stated
that dialogue skills and questioning skills are the most effective
and applicable in the classroom than the other components of
dialogic teaching. Moreover, debate includes questioning,
argumentation and dialogue between the participating teams which
proved that it is effective and inclusive component. Among some of
the experts who were interviewed stated that argumentation is
effective in developing learners' thinking skills if they are
introduced to basic vocabulary and technique of claims and
refutations. Dialogic teaching is faced by a number of challenges
such as the time available for both students and teachers,
motivation to speak the language, proficiency level and fluency
needed to develop such skills. In order to make dialogic teaching
the interactive method to develop learners' speaking and thinking,
the raised challenges should be addressed. This study seeks to
identify the effect of dialogic teaching methods on university
students’ critical thinking. It is commonly believed that teachers
rely on language that allows only minor flexibility when exchanging
views with their students. Too frequently they either pose
questions that target predefined answers or simply lecture through
lessons. This paper displays the introduction of the Communicative
Approach drawing on dialogic teaching which means using talk most
effectively for carrying out teaching and learning. Dialogic
teaching involves ongoing talk between teacher and students, not
just teacher-presentation. Here we show the most effective
components of dialogic teaching skills that stimulate
teacher-student interaction. However, dialogic teaching is faced
with some challenges which exemplified in lack of adequate fluency
and students’
motivation.
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