Concept ‘hospitality’ in Kazakh, Russian and English Cultures

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Concept ‘hospitality’ in Kazakh, Russian and English Cultures Nurseitova Guldana

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The aim of the research work is to investigate the concept ‘hospitality’ in Kazakh, Russian and English cultures. The following tasks of the presented work can be pointed out: • to identify the specifics of language representation of a fragment of a conceptual picture of the world ‘hospitality’; • to identify its comprehensive description and structuration; • to investigate the concept ‘hospitality’ in Kazakh, Russian and • English cultures. • to analyze the concept ‘hospitality’ in the proverbs of above mentioned languages • to compare the proverbs in three languages which verbalize the concept ‘hospitality’.

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We analyze phraseological units with the meaning ‘hospitality’ in the Kazakh, Russian and English languages.

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Concept is an object of cognitive linguistics. Cognitive linguistics is a new approach to language analysis. It introduces a fundamentally different conception of language structure, linguistic investigation and the mode of language description. Ray Jackendoff notes that the term concept plays a certain role in a larger world-wiev that includes the nature of language, of meaning and of mind. “Hence the notion of a concept cannot be explicated without at the same time sketching the background against which it is set, and the ‘correctness’ of a particular notion of concept cannot be evaluated without at the same time evaluating the world –view in which it plays a role” .

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Concept ‘hospitality’ in Kazakh culture The main  tradition of Kazakhs is hospitality . When we hear the word guest we associate this word with preparation of the house to welcome. Kazakh's hospitability is well know all over the world . Kazakhs are the nation that really respects every guests who come their home. Usually to welcome guests they use proverbs like: « қонақ келді – құт келді » if guests come your home, god blesses and gives you wealth or « қырықтың бірі – Қыдыр » their belief shows Қыдыр like an old man who gives out wealth, health to thouse who could recognize and respect him. We can safely say that hospitality is laid in the blood of the Kazakh people. The dear guest was invited to the dastarkhan, seated at the honorary place and served the best food in the house

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In the Kazakh Language the word ‘ қонақжай лы лық ’ means hospitality. Қонақжайлылық - means to entertain a guest, to offer him the best place, the best food. The words which characterize the hospitality of Kazakh people are қонақшылдық (to like to have guests) , қонақжайлылық (hospitable person - hospitable, generous to treat), меймандостық , қонақуарлық , меймангершілік (hospitality), жомарттық , кеңпейілділік (generous) ақкөңілділік (cordilality, the image of a hospitable, generous, respectful host, hospitable to any man who came to his house). Traditionally the guests up to date as offered a tea with milk, baursaks, raisins, irimshik or kurt. After tea guests are always offered the Kazakh meat with a kumis, shubat or ayran.

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In the Kazakh Language we analyzed the following units: Қонағыңнын алғысы алтыннан қымбат; Келгенше, қонақ ұялар, келген соң, үй иесі ұялар; Қонақты сөзбен тойғыза алмайсын; Қонақ аз отырып, көп сынайды; Қонақ келді — ырысын ала келді; Қонақ келсе есікке, жүгіріп шық, кешікпе; Сыйлы қонағың келсе, итіне сүйек таста; Қонағыңның алтынын алма, алғысын ал; Қонақ келсе, ет пісер, ет піспесе, бет пісер; Құтты қонак келсе, қой егіз табады; Қонақ келсе, құт келер;Қонақ қойдан да жуас, май берсең де жей береді;Қонақ аз отырып, қөп сынайды;Қонағым, жүре-бара тоярсың;Қонақты сөзбен тойғыза алмасың; Асыңа тойғызбасаң да, ақ ниетіне тойғыз etc.

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Types of guests "arnayy konak" is a specially invited guest "kudayy konak" - a random stranger "kydyrma konak" - an unexpected guest

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Konakkade  - a tradition under which a host has a right to ask a guest to  sing a song or play a musical instrument , thus ensuring some fun and joy during the feast. Erulik  - if new settlers came to a village erulik was arranged in their honour, i.e. a small celebration that allowed newcomers to quickly adapt to the new location. Toy dastarkhan  - a special form of celebration, organized for holiday or during it. Sports competitions, music, singing competitions (aitys) and horse riding competitions are organised in addition to the gatherings during Toy dastarkhan .

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Concept ‘hospitality’ in English culture The people in England love their families very much, they are honest. Home is the main concept for them. The proverb Englishman's house is his castle – shows the tradition of these people. It means they like to spend their time in their families. We found the following synonyms to the notion hospitality:accommodation, companionship, friendliness, generosity, reception, warmth, affability, amiability, cheer, comradeship, concideration, conviviality, cordiality, entertainment, geniality, heartness, hospitableness, obligingness, sociability, welcome, good cheer in English.

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One of the most characteristic features of the English character is the existence of a long and lasting tradition that goes deep into history. They have never been interrupted and have a huge impact on culture. From here comes a typical trait of the English character - the following of tradition, which is expressed literally in everything: from politics (royalty) to a five o’clock tea party. People in Britain pay much attention to the food.

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In English there are many words, which have the meaning hospitable: sociable, companionable, friendly, kind; generous. There are also phraseological units with the use of words ‘bread’, ‘salt’: as I live by bread; eat somebody's bread and salt to be a guest of smb. The English say about hospitality: keeps a good house. The expression to keep open house means to be glad to receive guests, to play host – to receive guests good. The English world picture is expressed in following words: warm welcome, hearty welcome, hospitable welcome, to kill the fatted calf, to make smb. feel at home, give smb. the red-carpet treatment, dinner is served, enjoy your meal!, wine and dine, eat one's fill, five о 'clock tea, the flitch of Dun-mow , eat по fish, come and have (take) pot-luck with us, to show extra hospitality, bread and butter letter, to entertain guests, ‘ eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we die.

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Concept ‘hospitality’ in Russian culture Russians love to accept guests and make great hosts. Russians often visit each other's homes without a special invitation. Just let the hosts know about your plans in advance and they'll be very happy to accept you. It is considered rude to leave guests without a treat. A host may offer the guest a cup of tea with cookies or set the table with snacks and serve cocktails—everything depends on the company, the time of the day, and the financial well-being of the host

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The main quality of the Russian person is kindness and its manifestation in relation to others - benevolence, cordiality, sincerity, all these qualities of the Russian person, somehow, are reflected in the situation of hospitality. There is a proverb: “ Кто в гости не ездит , к себе не зовет , тот недобрым слывет ” in the Russian Language means a person who doesn’t invite guests and doesn’t visit is a bad person. The proverbs: Доброму гостю хозяин рад – means that the host is always to meet a good guest; Нежданный гость лучше жданных двух –this proverb means that it is better to have a not invited guest than an invited guest; Гостю почет - хозяину честь ; Гость доволен - хозяин рад these proverbs mean that if a gust is satisfied the host is happy; Гостям дважды радуются : встречая и провожая ; Хорош гость , если он не засиживается – these proverbs mean that guests must not stay for a long time; Добрый гость всегда впору ; Для дорогого гостя и ворота настежь show the positive attitude of Russian people to guests.

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The phraseology of bread and salt in the Russian language has a great symbolic ritual significance. In salt, in addition to its great value in ancient Russia and labor intensity in mining, its properties were appreciated to protect products from decay and preserve them. Hence its main symbolism is the symbolism of permanence, eternity, fidelity, friendship, respect. There are many rituals, rituals and signs associated with this. Signs in Russian culture have always played an important role, since many of them are related to everyday life, everyday behavior, natural phenomena, etc.

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Similarities and Differences We can say about all three cultures that they are hospitable. But there are differences between concept ‘hospitality’ in three cultures. In Russian, from the earliest times, the lexeme " хлебосольный ", which is closest to the concept of "hospitable", has been preserved. " Хлебосольство " is derived from “Bread and salt!”, which in Russia has long been a greeting, spoken by a visitor at the entrance to the hut, where a dining family sat at the table. In the Russian language consciousness it is an open-minded person, willing to generously set the table and treat the guests abundantly. It is interesting to note that the Russian guest - this is the one who came, and the British - the one who was invited. It should be noted that in the English language, we did not meet much phraseological units with a lexeme guest (be guest, guest of honor), however, like in Russian, except for a few free phrases that can appear as phraseological units : invited guests, for the health of guests , distinguished guests, honored guests. Commonality in the definition of the concept of "hospitality" in Kazakh, Russian and English languages is to characterize this phenomenon as a hospitable, friendly, generous reception of guests.

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Different cultures and traditions describe their world, but the world around them does not depend on nationality, it is arranged according to laws that are uniform for all. In this connection, the content of thinking from cognitive positions, namely the totality of knowledge about the world, constitutes the "concept" of the language. Different cultures and traditions describe their world, but the world around them does not depend on nationality, it is arranged according to laws that are uniform for all. In this connection, the content of thinking from cognitive positions, namely the totality of knowledge about the world, constitutes the "concept" of the language.

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