Рускии язык тест

Korean Language Guide - PDF
Learn Korean: LP's Korean Language Learning
By Luke Park
2013
1

Korean Language Guide
The following are the complete list of the lessons created so far in this Korean Language Guide.
•Welcome
•Korean Alphabet
•Sentence Order
Particles
•Topic Particle -
는
/ 은
•Identifier Particle -
가
/ 이
•Subject Particles -
는
/
은
and
가
/ 이
•Additive Particle - 도
•Object Particle -
를
/ 을
•Time / Place Particle - 에
Pronouns
•Pronouns (I, You) - 나 , 저 , 너 , 당신
•Pronouns (He, She) - 그 , 그녀 , 걔 , 그분
•Pronouns (He, She) - 얘 , 쟤 , 걔
•Pronouns (They) - 그들 , 걔들 , 그분들
•Pronouns- This, It, That
Nouns
•Nouns - Present, Past
•Nouns - Nominalising
•Nouns - Nominalizing Verbs
•Nouns - Numbers and Counting
Adjectives
•Adjectives - Present, Past
•Adjectives - Polite [Present, Past]
•Adjectives - Descriptive
•Adjectives - Connective
Verbs
•Verbs - Present, Past
•Verbs - Polite [Present, Past]
•Verbs - Future [Will]
•Verbs - Continuous
•Verbs - Connective
•Verbs - Can
•Verbs - Have
•Verbs - Want
2

•Verbs - Descriptive I
•Verbs - Descriptive II
•Verbs - Speech
Adverbs
•Adverbs - 부사
Particles
•Particles - 께 / 에게 / 한테
•Particles - 으로 / 로
•Particles - 에서 , 까지
•Particles -
만
[only]
Possessive
•Possessive - 의
Conjunctions
•Conjunctions - And
•Conjunctions - But [~ 지만 ]
•Conjunctions - But [ 는데 / 은데 ]
•Conjunctions - Because, So [~ 서 ]
•Conjunctions - Because [ 때문에 ]
•Conjunctions - If/Once [~ 면 ]
•Conjunctions - If/Once [~ 거든 ]
•Conjunctions - When [~ 때 ]
•Conjunctions - While [~ 며 / 면서 ]
•5W1H
Advanced Grammar
•Comparatives & Superlatives
•Imperatives - 해 , 하지마
•Have to -
해야 한다

•Allowed to -
해도 된다

•I like doing -
하는게 좋다
,
하는걸 좋아한다

•I think - ~
고 생각해
(Opinion)
•I think / It seems -
하는 거 같애
(General)
•I used to do - 했었어
•I used to do - 하던
•(I learned that) ~ 더라고
•(I found that) - ~ 던데
•I heard / You said - ~ 며
3

•There is / I have - 있다 / 있네
Special Expressions
•Are you doing? - ~
는 거야
? [Informal]
•Are you doing? - ~
시는 거예요
? [Polite]
•Are we doing? -
하는 거야
/ 거예요 ?
•Go to do - ~
러 가다

•To do something - ~
기 위해

•Try doing -
해 보다

•Of course, I've done it before - 해봤죠
•Give the favour of doing -
해 주다

•Would you like to go? - 갈래요 ?
•Shall we do something? -
우리 뭐 할까
?
•It's cold, isn't it? - 춥지요 ?
•Let's do it - 하자
•Easy to do / Difficult to do - ~
기 쉽다
/ ~
기 어렵다

•I know how -
어떻게 하는지 알아

•I'm in the habit of - ~
되면
~
게 돼요

•Because I'm - ~ 거든요
•I will go first -
먼저 갈게

Phrases
•As I was doing - ~
하다 보니깐

Other Lessons
•Addressing people
•Pronunciation
4

Learning the Korean Language for the First Time!
Please refer to Audio Recordings - Introduction, to learn about "WHY" listening to Korean is so
important in learning Korean.
Welcome You All to the Korean Language Guide!

This blog was first created in 2006 as an experiment to help people who would like to learn Korean
language online by providing some basic grammar lessons on Korean.
Over the years, I was able to put up more and more Korean language lessons online, and as of now,
in January 2011, there are more than 70 online Korean lessons in this blog.
The principles in writing these online Korean language lessons have been that I remain intentional
about making them as easy to understand and readily applicable in daily life as I can, and
comprehensive enough to cover major points of the Korean language which includes both
the Written and Spoken forms.
Now, what do I mean by written and spoken forms?
In Korean, the verb endings change depending on whether the language is used in writing or speech.
Note: In Korean grammar, the verbs come at the end of a sentence. For more on the sentence order,
please read Sentence Order.
For example, "
나는 학교에 갔다
" which means "I went to school" is a written form, and "
나는 학교

에 갔어
" is a spoken form.
•
나는 학교에 갔
다 = I went to school (written form as in writing, books, diary and
newspaper)
•
나는 학교에 갔
어 = I went to school (spoken form as in conversations, movies and
dramas)
As you can see, the ending of a verb changes from
갔다
to 갔어, both of which mean "went".
Therefore you'd write in one way but speak in a slightly different way. But don't be too alarmed at
the difference, as there are simple patterns to it, and you'll get to learn them along the way.
It is also important to learn the differences in degrees of formalities in the Korean language.
There are three major types in the degrees of formality:
•Informal
•Polite
•Honorific
In expressing the politeness in the speech, Korean differs from English in that the verb endings
change depending on the age and rank of the person being addressed to and the social setting one
finds oneself in. For example, when I'm asked, "Where are you going?" I might answer, "I'm going
to school" in the following ways:
5

•
학교 가
- [Informal, to people of the same age as me or younger than me, especially among
close friends]
•
학교 가요
- [Polite, to people older than me, and in formal social situations]
•
학교 가는 중입니다
- [Honorific, this is rarely used in normal conversations. I would say
this type of speaking is only found in very formal settings such as on the news or in the
army.]
You would use the polite form even when the person you're speaking to is of the same age as you or
younger than you if you're not very close to the person and/or you're in a formal social setting. I'd
say it's best to stick to the polite form first and then use the informal form later as you gain more
understanding of the Korean language.
The major mark of the division is probably the age. The polite language is used to people above
one's age and informal language to people equal to and below one's age.
However, generally, the polite language is generally used in many social situations and the informal
language is usually used among close friends.
I am trying to lay out some basics to the language of Korean. However it'd be good at this point to
dive into the lessons and learn them for yourself.
You can start reading the Korean language guide on this website, Learn Korean: LP's Korean
Language Learning, from the top to bottom in the order as it's designed to guide you from the basics
to intermediate and advanced Korean lessons.
Before you go, here is a bit of history of
한글
(Hangeul, the Korean alphabet):
Korean is the official language of Korea, both North and South. There are around 78 million people
who speak Korean around the world.
[1]

한글
(the Korean alphabet) was invented by Sejong the Great in the 15th century. Before that time,
people used Hanja (the equivalent of the Chinese characters) which was not only difficult to learn
but was also considerably different to the Korean grammar and sentence order.
[2]

한글
is a phonetic writing system which means that the words correspond to pronunciation.
The English alphabet is phonetic whereas the Chinese characters are not.
If you learn the English alphabet, you can read an English writing fairly well although you may not
understand the meaning.
Korean is even more phonetic than that of English and many other languages, in that each
consonant and vowel in Korean mostly have only one sound.
For example,
•
ㄴ
= n
•
ㅏ
= a (as in car and mama, short sound)
ㄴ+ㅏ=
나
[na] (which means "I" as in "I" am Luke)
6

Following the guide for the Korean language down the column on the right-hand of the page, we're
now moving onto learning the sounds of the consonants and vowels of 한글.
You'll learn to write and pronounce each of these consonants and vowels, and how to form a
character in this next lesson.
Keep on reading!
I hope you enjoy this journey of learning a new language!
I think it's always exciting to learn a new language! ;D
Luke
References
[1] Wikipedia: Korean language, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language#History, accessed
Jan 2011.
[2] Wikipedia: Sejong the Great, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejong_the_Great#Hangul, accessed
Jan 2011.
7

The Korean Alphabet
Learning Korean for the first time!
Hangeul or 한글 (the Korean alphabet) literally means "the Korean writing."
In 한글, the Korean alphabet, consists of 14 consonants and 10 vowels.
•Cosonants: ㄱㄴㄷㄹㅁㅂㅅㅇㅈㅊㅋㅌㅍㅎ
•Vowels: ㅏㅑㅓㅕㅗㅛㅜㅠㅡㅣ
In addition, there are 5 double consonants and 11 double vowels.
•Double consonants: ㄲㄸㅃㅆㅉ
•Double vowels: ㅐㅒㅔㅖㅘㅙㅚㅝㅞㅟㅢ
Additionally, there are 11 final double consonants.
•Final double consonants:
ㄳ ㄵ ㄶ ㄺ ㄻ ㄼ ㄽ ㄾ ㄿ ㅀ ㅄ
Please also refer to the audio recording of different Korean consonant-vowel combinations that I
produced with my own voice, here, Korean alphabet - Consonants and Vowels .
You will get to learn these basic consonants and vowels, learning how to read, write and pronounce.
Click on the alphabet to listen to their corresponding pronunciations.
(Provided by Korean language learning online, Sogang Unversity)
자음[Consonants]
ㄱ = g
ㄴ = n
ㄷ = d
ㄹ = l, r (
ㄹ
is a sound somewhere between l and r)
ㅁ = m
ㅂ = b
ㅅ = s
ㅇ = "no sound" when used as a first consonant, "ng" when used as a final consonant.
ㅈ = j
ㅊ = ch
ㅋ = k
ㅌ = t
ㅍ = p
ㅎ = h
모음[Vowels]

ㅏ
= a
ㅑ = ya
ㅓ = eo
8

ㅕ = yeo
ㅗ = o
ㅛ = yo
ㅜ = u
ㅠ = yu
ㅡ = eu
ㅣ = i
쌍자음[Double consonants]
ㄲ = gg Click on the link to hear the difference between the sounds of ㄱ,
ㄲ
and ㅋ.
ㄸ = dd Note the difference in sounds; ㄷ,
ㄸ
and ㅌ.
ㅃ = bb Note the difference in sounds;ㅂ,
ㅃ
and ㅍ.
ㅆ = ss Note the difference in sounds;
ㅅ
and ㅆ
ㅉ = jj Note the difference in sounds; ㅈ,
ㅉ
and ㅊ
More links: ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ
쌍모음[Double Vowels]
ㅐ = ae
ㅒ = yae (rarely used)
ㅔ = e
ㅖ = ye
ㅘ = wa
ㅙ = wae
ㅚ = oe
ㅝ = wo
ㅞ = we (rarely used)
ㅟ = wi
ㅢ = ui
● How to form a character
There are two ways of making a character, using the consonants and vowels as building blocks.
1.Initial consonant + Vowel
2.Initial consonant + Vowel + Final consonant
1. Examples
•
가
=
ㄱ
+
ㅏ
= ga
•
너
=
ㄴ
+
ㅓ
= neo
•
도
=
ㄷ
+
ㅗ
= do
•
루
=
ㄹ
+
ㅜ
= lu/ru
•
므
=
ㅁ
+
ㅡ
= meu
•
비
=
ㅂ
+
ㅣ
= bi
2. Examples
•
각
=
ㄱ
+
ㅏ
+
ㄱ
= gag
•넌=
ㄴ
+
ㅓ
+
ㄴ
= neon
•
돗
=
ㄷ
+
ㅗ
+
ㅅ
= dod
9

•
를
=
ㄹ
+
ㅡ
+
ㄹ
= leul/reul
•
쟁
=
ㅈ
+
ㅐ
+
ㅇ
= jaeng
Characters with final consonants of ㄱ,
ㄲ
and ㅋ, all sound the same. Thus 각,
갂
and
갘
will
sound exactly the same.
For example,
국, 엌, 밖 Their final consonants all sound the same. Click on the links to hear.
Now, below is a list of the final consonants and their respective sounds.
•ㄱ/ㄲ/
ㅋ
= ㄱ
•ㅂ/ㅃ/
ㅍ
= ㅂ
•ㄷ/ㅌ/ㅅ/ㅆ/ㅈ/ㅊ/
ㅎ
= ㄷ
•ㄴ= ㄴ
•ㄹ= ㄹ
•ㅁ= ㅁ
•ㅇ= ㅇ
For example,
•
낚시
[낙시] = fishing
•
부엌
[부억] = kitchen
•
앞
[압] = front
•
씨앗
[씨앋] = seed
•
낮
[낟] = day
For a more detailed explanation and audio files, click here.
When the initial consonant of second and/or third characters is ㅇ, for example,
돌이
and 만악이,
the sound of the final consonant of each letter is pronounced with the next vowel. Because
ㅇ
has
no sound,
돌이
is pronounced as
도리
and
만악이
as 마나기. These are just made-up words to show
you how these work.
•돌이[도리]
•만악이[마나기]
For more examples on this pronunciation, click on the link.
쌍받침[Final double consonants]
There are also 11 additional final double consonants. Their sounds are as follows. As you can see,
the first consonant of the double consonants is pronounced. (except
ㄺ
= ㄱ,
ㄻ
=
ㅁ
and
ㄿ
= ㅂ) I
do not recommend that you learn these exhaustively right away because that is a hard work and I
rarely employed them in my grammar lessons anyway. So it would be better to come back to these
when you come across them from time to time.
•
ㄳ
= ㄱ
•
ㄵ
= ㄴ
•
ㄶ
= ㄴ
•
ㄺ
= ㄱ
10

•
ㄻ
= ㅁ
•
ㄼ
= ㄹ
•
ㄽ
= ㄹ
•
ㄾ
= ㄹ
•
ㄿ
= ㅂ
•
ㅀ
= ㄹ
•
ㅄ
= ㅂ
Eg.
삯 [삭] = amount

앉다
[안따] = sit

많다
[만타] = many

읽다
[익따] = read

삶다
[삼따] = boil

넓다
[널따] = spacious

외곬
[외골] = a single way

핥다
[할따] = lick

읊다
[읍따] = recite (a poem)

잃다
[일타] = lose (a thing)

값
[갑] = price
Excellent pronunciation lessons by Sogang Unversity (Korean language learning online)
Source: http://korean.sogang.ac.kr/
Also, check out the Korean Wiki Project for additional explanations of the Korean consonants and
vowels and respective pronunciations.
For writing practices,
•Consonants
•Vowels
•Consonants + Vowels
Sources:
Slow but STEADY: http://cyjn.com/165
키드앤틴 , KidnTeen : http://www.kidnteen.com/hannnum/han.asp
11

Sentence Order
Please refer to Audio Recordings - Sentence Order, to listen to the sentences used in this lesson.
In regards to the order of a sentence, there are four basic types in Korean. These are:
•S + N
•S + V
•S + A
•S + O + V
* S = subject, N = noun, A = adjective, O = object and V = verb.
The tense of a sentence is determined by the last part of a sentence, namely, by a noun, verb or
adjective.
In Korean, adjectives function like verbs in that they can be converted to different forms to
determine the tense of a sentence.
For example,
•In English, the past tense of "go" is "went."
•In Korean, the past tense of "가다" (gada, go) is "갔다" (gatta, went).
The verbs function in the same way in English and Korean.
However, in the case of adjectives, the past tense of "good" in English is not "gooded" but it is
written, "was good."
Contrary to this, in Korean, "좋다" (jota, good) has a past tense form of "좋았다" (joatta, was
good).
Compare:
•In English, "good" (present) → "was good" (past)
•In Korean, "좋다" (present) → "좋았다" (past)
Therefore, the adjectives in Korean function like verbs in that they can be converted to a past tense
or future tense, or any other tense forms.
This conversion of a verb(or adjective) to its past, future, present continuous or past continuous
tense forms is called a verb (or adjective) "conjugation."
Before proceeding to the explanation section below, I recommend that you read
the "particles" alongside this post.
To understand Korean grammar, it is crucial that you become familiar with the concept of a distinct
part of speech called, "particles."
Particles are function words that indicate what the subject or object is in a sentence.
12

For example,
•는/
은
is a topic particle
•가/
이
is a identifier particle
•를/
을
is an object particle
For more information and explanation on particles, please refer to (Particles - 는 , 도 , 를 , 가 , 에 ).
Now, let's have a look at the four main types of Korean sentences.
Note: S = Subject, N = Noun, V = Verb, A = Adjective, O = Object
1. S + N
•
나는 학생이다
= I am a student
•
리사는 선생님이다
= Lisa is a teacher
•
앤드류는 의사였다
= Andrew was a doctor
•
저는 중학생이에요
= I am a middle school student [polite spoken form]
For more explanations on the S + N pattern, please read Nouns - Present, Past.

나
= I

학생
= student

리사
= Lisa

선생님
= teacher

앤드류
= Andrew

의사
= doctor

저
= I (polite)

중학생
= a middle school student
2. S + V
•
주영은 달린다
= Ju-young runs [written form]
•
주영은 달려요
= Ju-young runs [polite spoken form]
•
주영은 힘차게 달린다
= Ju-young vigorously runs
*An adverb comes before a verb.

주영
= Ju-Young (a Korean male name)

달리다
= run

달려
= run [spoken form]

달려요
= run [polite spoken form]

힘차게
= vigorously
For more information and explanations on verbs, please read Verbs - Present, Past and Verbs -
Polite [Present, Past].
3. S + A
•
그는 크다
= He is big
13

•
그녀는 작다
= She is small
•
앤은 예쁘다
= Anne is pretty [written form]
•
앤은 정말 예뻐요
= Anne is really pretty [polite spoken form]
•
산이 아름답다
= The mountain is beautiful
•
날씨가 정말 좋다
= The weather is very good

그
= he

크다
= big

그녀
= she

작다
= small

앤
= Anne

정말
= really, very

예쁘다
= pretty

산
= mountain

아름답다
= beautiful

날씨
= weather

좋다
= good
For more information and explanations on adjectives, please read, Adjectives - Present,
Past, Adjectives - Polite [Present, Past] and Adjectives - Connective.
4. S + O + V
•
나는 사과를 먹었다
= I ate an apple.
•
지성은 물을 마신다
= Ji-sung drinks water.
•
새들이 노래를 부른다
= The birds are singing songs.
•
안나는 대학을 다닌다
= Anna attends college (university) [written form]
•
안나는 대학을 다녀요
= Anna attends college (university) [spoken form]
•
영희는 어제 정원에 꽃을 심었다
= Young-hee planted a flower in the garden yesterday.
*Notice that the time(어젯밤) and place(정원에) are inserted between S and O.

나
= I

사과
= apple

먹었다
= ate

물
= water

마시다
= drink
새 = a bird

새들
= birds

노래
= song

부르다
= sing

다니다
= attend [written form]

다녀요
= attend [polite spoken form]

어제
= yesterday

정원
= garden

꽃
= flower

심다
= plant (verb)
14

In addition, unlike English, it is quite common to leave out the subject in a sentence in Korean.
When the subject is known by the readers or speakers, it is often left out. Therefore, depending on a
situation or context, it is OK to write or speak without beginning the sentence with a subject.
A subject may not be used in a sentence if it is known who or what the subject is. So, the sentences
below are also correct and it is common in spoken Korean (conversations).
•
학생이다
= (am/is) a student
•
선생님이다
= (am/is) a teacher
•
의사였다
= was a doctor
•
중학생이에요
= (am/is) a middle school student
•
달린다
= runs
•
힘차게 달렸다
= vigorously ran
•
크다
= (am/is/are) big
•
작다
= (am/is/are) small
•
정말 좋아
= (am/is/are) really good [spoken form]
•
사과를 먹었다
= ate an apple
•
물을 마셨어
= drank water [spoken form]
•
노래를 불렀어
= sang songs [spoken form]
•
어제 꽃을 심었어요
= planted a flower yesterday [polite spoken form]
For more help with the particles, please refer to the following posts:
•Particles - 께 / 에게 / 한테
•Particles - 으로 / 로
•Particles - 에서 , 까지
•Particles -
만
[only]
•Possessive - 의
15

Learn Korean Language: Particles
Particles are functional words that do not have any meaning in themselves.
They are like helpers in that they are attached to the end of nouns to indicate what that noun is and
how it functions in a sentence.
The following links show the list of most common particles used in Korean language.
● Particles -
는
/ 은
● Particles -
가
/ 이
● Subject Particles
● Particles - 도
● Particles -
를
/ 을
● Particles - 에
16

Topic Particle -
는
/ 은
Please refer to Korean Listening Exercise - Topic Particle 는 / 은 for the audio recording of the
sentences found in this lesson.
Particles are functional words that do not have any meaning in themselves.
They are like helpers in that they are attached to the end of nouns to indicate what that noun is and
how it functions in a sentence.
This particles section is divided into several parts.
These are:
•는 / 은 - Topic particle ┐ Subject particles
•가 / 이 - Identifier particle ┘
•도 - Additive particle
•를 /
을
- Object particle
•에 - Time/place particle
Note: 는/
은
and 가/
이
are 'Subject particles.' The explanations are given in the 'Subject
Particles' section.
Please have a look at the following examples to learn how particles are used in sentences.
For example,
•
나는 학생이다
= I am a student
는, the topic particle, is attached to the end of 나, which means the pronoun "I", to show that the
topic is about "I" or the subject is "I".
Here is another example,
•
나도 학생이다
= I am a student, too.
In this sentence, 도, the additive particle, is attached to
나
to show that in addition to a person or
people who are students, "I", too, am a student.
Now, let us go through each of these particles.
는/
은
[Topic Particle]
The first particle, we'll learn, is 는/은, the topic particle. 는/
은
is used for a subject or topic of a
sentence.
는
is used for nouns without a final consonant, and
은
for nouns with a final consonant.
Let me explain,
•
나는
= I am
17

•
사람은
= A person is

나
consists of ㄴ+ㅏ
•
ㄴ
= n (an initial consonant)
•
ㅏ
= a (a vowel)
As you can see,
나
is a word without a final consonant, therefore
는
is attached to it.
On the other hand,
사람
which means 'a person' has
람
as a final character, and
람
consists of ㄹ+ㅏ
+ㅁ
•
ㄹ
= r,l (an initial consonant)
•
ㅏ
= a (a vowel)
•
ㅁ
= m (a final consonant)

사람
is a word with a final consonant. Therefore,
은
is attached to it.
The reason for these two different types of the topic particle, 는/은, is that for words with a final
consonant, it is easier to pronounce them with
은
rather 는.
Compare these two pronunciations,
•
사람는
= sa-ram-nun
•
사람은
= sa-ram-un → sa-ra-mun [사라믄]
As you can see,
사람는
is more rigid and awkward to pronounce, whereas
사람은
is more fluid and
easy to pronounce.
사람은
is actually pronounced 사라믄. The final consonant of 람, which is ㅁ, is
transferred to
은
to make it sound 믄.
(
사람은
sounds a bit like "Sarah Moon" whereas
사람는
may sound like "Saram Noon".)
Listen to the pronunciations for yourselves in the Google Translate.
The following are example sentences using 는/은, the topic particle.
•
나는 학생이다
= I am a student
•
그는 친절하다
= He is kind
•
이것은 연필이다
= This is a pencil
•
하늘은 높다
= The sky is high
•
그녀는 공부한다
= She studies
•
존은 갔다
= John went
•
영수는 먹었다
= Young-su ate

나
= I (pronoun)

학생
= a student

그
= he

친절하다
= kind

이것
= this

연필
= pencil

하늘
= sky

높다
= high

그녀
= she

공부하다
= study
18

존
= John

가다
= go

영수
= Young-su (a male name)

먹다
= eat
Use Google Translate to listen the pronunciations of these words.
Note: There are no articles in the parts of speech in Korean. "A, an and the" which are used to
identify and specify a noun in English and other languages are absent in Korean grammar.
Continue to the next section:
•Identifier Particle -
가
/ 이
19

Identifier Particle -
가
/ 이
Please refer to Korean Listening Exercise - Identifier Particle 가 / 이 for the audio recording of the
sentences found in this lesson.
가/
이
is used similarly as 는/
은
in that they indicate a subject but 가/
이
is used when it is necessary
to identify the person or thing that is talked about in a sentence.
For example,
•
나는 샀다
= I bought
•
내가 샀다
= I bought
Note:
나
is changed to
내
when it is used before 가.
Both of these two sentences mean "I bought" but
내가 샀다
puts more emphasis on the subject of
the sentence, "I".
In the sentence,
내가 샀다
, it is more concerned about 'who' bought rather than 'what' I did.
On the other hand,
나는 샀다
, is more concerned about 'what' I did.
•
내가 샀다
= I bought [It wasn't anyone else but I who bought]
•
나는 샀다
= I bought [I bought rather than doing something else]
It is similar to the way in English where a person stresses a certain word to give it more emphasis or
importance.
For example,
•Who bought a new t-shirt?
•
내가 샀어
= I bought it.
Note: It is incorrect to say,
나는 샀어
, because the person is asking about who bought a new t-shirt
rather than asking about what they did.
•What did you do in the park?
•
나는 잤어
= I slept (I took a nap)
Note: The person may be asking to several people about what they did in the park. One person
might say they took a stroll while another person may have had lunch there. But as for me, what I
did was 'sleeping'.
Therefore,
•
나는 잤어
= I slept
It is wrong to say
내가 잤어
in this case because the person is not asking about who slept
but what they did in the park. If the person asked me, 'Who slept in the park?', I would answer, 내

가 잤어
or
마크가 잤어
(Mark slept).
20

The identifier particle, 가/이, identifies the subject of a sentence. 가/
이
is concerned about who did
the things asked.
Like the 는/
은
example above,
가
is used for words without a final consonant and
이
for words with
a final consonant.
Here are example sentences:
•
내가 마셨다
= I drank (It wasn't anyone else but me)
•
동생이 먹었다
= Younger brother/sister ate (It wasn't someone else but them)
•
민지가 왔다
= Min-ji came (It wasn't some other person but Min-ji)
•
안토니가 갔다
= Anthony went (It wasn't some other person but Anthony)
•
저것이 한강이야
= That is the Han River
•
빌딩이 높다
= The building is high
•
공원이 넓다
= The park is large/spacious

마시다
= drink

동생
= younger brother/sister

먹다
= eat

민지
= Min-ji (a female name)

오다
= come

안토니
= Anthony

가다
= go

저것
= that

한강
= the Han River (in Seoul)

빌딩
= a building

높다
= high

공원
= a park

넓다
= spacious, large
Use Google Translate to listen the pronunciations of these words.
21

Subject Particles -
는
/
은
and
가
/ 이
는/
은
and 가/
이
both are used for the subject of a sentence but 는/
은
introduces a topic or a subject
whereas 가/
이
identifies a subject.
In addition to their differences already explored above, here is another big difference between the
two particles.
The topic particle, 는/은, is used in cases when we make a general or factual statement whereas 가/

이
is not.
For example,
•
치타는 빠르다
= A cheetah is fast
•
치타는 느리다
= A cheetah is slow (This would be a wrong statement)
However, if you visited a zoo and saw a cheetah who seems to move very slowly, you might say,
•
치타가 느리다
= (That) cheetah is slow
So the identifier particle, 가/이, indicates a certain person or thing that the speaker and listener
know or are aware of. In this case, it would be that cheetah in the zoo.
Here is another example,
•
바다는 푸르다
= The sea is blue
•
바다는 까맣다
= The sea is black (In general, this is a wrong statement.)
But say, you saw the sea at night and you may exclaim,
•
바다가 까맣다
! = The sea is black!
The sea in this sentence is identified as a particular sea at night, and both the speaker and listener
know which sea is being talked about. This is not a general statement. Therefore the identifier
particle, 가/이, is used in this case.
Of course,
바다가 푸르다
is also perfectly acceptable. However, the difference is that the sea in this
sentence is also a particular sea that is known by both the speaker and the listener.
•
바다는 푸르다
= The sea is blue (A general statement)
•
바다가 푸르다
= The sea is blue (The sea is identified and known by the speaker and
listener)
It's similar to the way articles are used in English.
For example,
•An apple is red =
사과는 빨갛다
(A general or factual statement about an apple)
•The apple is red =
사과가 빨갛다
(A particular apple that the speaker identifies and
indicates to the listener)
22

Additive Particle – 도
Please refer to Korean Listening Exercise - Additive Particle 도 for the audio recording of the
sentences found in this lesson.
The additive particle, 도, is similar to subject particles 는 / 은 and 가 / 이 in that it is used for a subject
(or topic). However,
도
adds the meaning of 'too' or 'also' to a subject.
Here are example sentences:
•
나도 학생이다
= I am a student, too
•
그도 친절하다
= He is kind, too
•
이것도 연필이다
= This is a pencil, too
•
하늘도 높다
= The sky is high, too
•
그녀도 공부한다
= She studies, too
•
존도 갔다
= John went, too
•
영수도 먹었다
= Young-su ate, too
As a further explanation, please have a look at the following example:
•
다윗은 왕이었다
= David was a king
•
솔로몬도 왕이었다
= Solomon was a king, too

도
always refers to the subject. For example,
솔로몬도 왕이었다
describes Solomon in terms of the
fact that he was a king, too. Not only was David a king but Solomon was also a king.

다윗
= David

왕
= a king

솔로몬
= Solomon
Here is another example,
•
제니는 나갔어
= Jenny went outside
•
유리도 나갔어
= Yuri went outside, too

제니
= Jenny

나가다
= go outside, leave

유리
= Yuri
As you can see,
도
is used when one wants talk about the same quality or description about a
different subject.
When we want to talk about additive qualities and/or descriptions about the same subject,
또한
is
used.
For example,
•
다윗은양치기였다
= David was a shepherd.
•
다윗은또한 왕이었다
= David was also a king.
23

The two sentences above both describe a certain thing about the same subject, 다윗, and
또한
refers
to the rest of the sentence rather than the subject.
또한 왕이었다
describes a fact that David "was
also a king." Therefore David was both a shepherd and king.

또한
is used to give an additive quality or description about the same subject.
Here is one more example,
•
제니는 대학생이다
= Jenny is a college (university) student
•
제니는또한 음악 선생님이다
= Jenny is also a music teacher
Jenny is both a college student and music teacher.
Note: In spoken Korean,
또
is usually used instead of 또
한
.
•
제니는 대학생이야
= Jenny is a college (university) student
•
제니는또음악 선생님이야
= Jenny is also a music teacher
24

Object Particle -
를
/ 을
The object particle, 를/을, is attached to an object which the verb describes.
Here are example sentences:
•
나는 라면을 먹었다
= I ate noodles [Literally, noodles
을
ate]
•
책을 읽었다
= read a book
•
콜라를 마셨다
= drank coke
•TV
를 봤다
= watched TV
•
옷을 입었다
= wore clothes
•
집을 지었다
= built a house
•
케잌을 만들었다
= made a cake

나
= I

라면
= noodles

먹다
= eat

책
= a book

읽다
= read

콜라
= coke

마시다
= drink

보다
= see, watch

옷
= clothes

입다
= wear

집
= house

짓다
= build

케잌
= a cake

만들다
= make
The usage difference between
를
and
을
is that
를
is used for nouns without a final consonant, and

을
for nouns with a final consonant for the pronunciation's sake.
•
사진을찍었다
= took a photo
•
나무를 심었다
= planted a tree
•
빵을 샀다
= bought some bread
•
차를팔았다
= sold a car
•
강을건넜다
= crossed a river
•
다리를 지났다
= passed a bridge
•
숙제를 했다
= did homework

사진
= a photo

찍다
= take (a photo)

나무
= a tree

심다
= plant (verb)

빵
= bread

사다
= buy

차
= a car

팔다
= sell
25

강
= a river

건너다
= cross (verb, motion)

다리
= bridge

지나다
= pass (verb, motion)

숙제
= homework

하다
= do
26

Time / Place Particle - 에
Please refer to Korean Listening Exercise - Time/Place Particle 에 for the audio recording of the
sentences found in this lesson.
The Time/Place Particle, 에, is used for any words related to time and place.
The
에
particle phrase is usually placed at the beginning of a sentence after a subject.

샘
= Sam

한국
= Korea

가다
= go

준수
= Jun-su
5
월
= May

오다
= come
•
샘은 한국에 갔다
= Sam went to Korea [Sam, to Korea, went]
•
준수는
5
월에 왔다
= Jun-su came in May [Jun-su, in May, came]
Note: 1
월
is January, 2
월
is February and so on.
You can also make long sentences like the following examples:
•
샘은 작년
10
월가을에 한국에 갔다
= Sam went to Korea last year in October during the
autumn season [Sam, last year, in October, in Autumn, to Korea, went]
•
준수는
2000
년도여름에호주에 왔다
= Jun-su came to Australia in summer 2000. [Jun-
su, in 2000, in summer, to Australia, came]

작년
= last year
10
월
= October

가을
= autumn
2000
년도
= in the year 2000

여름
= summer

호주
= Australia
Note:
에
is used for words both with or without a final consonant.
•
학교에
= to school
•
병원에
= to hospital
Please note also that when
에
is used as a Place Particle, it is usually used with 'go' and 'come' to
indicate a place to which you're going or coming, and
에
functions like 'to' in English. For example,

공원에
= to a park,
영국에
= to Britain and
공항에
= to the airport.
When you want to say you did something at a particular place 'for a certain period of time,'
에서
is used for that location or place. In this case, the function of
에서
is similar to "in, at or on" in
English. For example,
27

•
공원에서 놀았다
= played (had fun) at the park [At the park, (we) played (had fun)]
•
영국에서 지냈다
= stayed in Britain [In Britain, (I) stayed]
•
공항에서 기다렸다
= waited at the airport [At the airport, (we) waited]

공원
= a park

놀다
= play, have fun

영국
= Britain

지내다
= stay

공항
= airport

기다리다
= wait
However, in the case of 'was', you can use
에
instead of
에서
for some strange reason I do not
know. The following two sentences mean exactly the same.
•
영국에서 있었다
= I was in Britain
•
영국에 있었다
= I was in Britain
But in the case of other verbs,
에
is not allowed.
•
공원에놀았다
•
영국에 지냈다
•
공항에 기다렸다
Here are a few more examples:
•
시골에 갔다
= went to a countryside
•
친구가병원에방문왔다
= A friend of mine came (to visit me) to hospital
•
집에 있었다
= was home
•
대학에서 강의를 들었다
= listen to a lecture at the university
•
많은 사람들이 놀이 공원에 왔다
= A lot of people came to the theme park
•
아침에 시리 얼을 먹었다
= I ate cereal in the morning [In the morning, I ate cereal]
•
오후
2
시에비가 내렸다
= It started raining at 2 o'clock in the afternoon [Lit. The rain fell]

시골
= countryside

가다
= go

친구
= a friend

병원
= a hospital

방문
= a visit

오다
= come

방문오다
= came to visit

집
= home, house

있다
= be

대학
= college, university

강의
= a lecture

듣다
= listen, hear

많다
= a lot, many

사람
= a person

사람들
= people (
들
is attached to a noun to make it plural)

놀이 공원
= a theme park
28

아침
= morning

시리얼
= cereal

먹다
= eat

오후
= afternoon, pm
2
시
= 2 o'clock (1
시
is 1 o'clock, 7
시
is 7 o'clock and so on)

비
= rain

내리다
= fall down
29

Learn Korean Language: Pronouns
Unlike English, pronouns are not essential for sentences to be grammatically correct in Korean
language, and in many instances, the pronouns can be omitted from normal sentences all together.
It is also important to notice that some pronouns (e.g. 당신, 그, 그녀) are much less frequently used
than other pronouns in spoken Korean.
For more information, please refer to the following links showing the list of most common
pronouns used in Korean language.
● Pronouns (I, You) - 나 , 저 , 너 , 당신
● Pronouns (He, She) - 그 , 그녀 , 걔 , 그분
● Pronouns (He, She) - 얘 , 쟤 , 걔
● Pronouns (They) - 그들 , 걔들 , 그분들
● Pronouns- This, It, That
30