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Carbohydrates
#1 слайд
Carbohydrates
Керимкулова Айым ХПқ-211Carbohydrates
1 слайд
Carbohydrates Керимкулова Айым ХПқ-211Carbohydrates
#2 слайд
Carbohydrates
6CO
2 + 6H
2 O + energy C
6 H
12 O
6 + 6O
2Photosynthesis
Respiration •
Produced by photosynthesis in
plants.
•
The major source of energy
from our diet.
•
Composed of the elements C, H,
and O.
glucose C
n (H
2 O)
n
2 слайд
Carbohydrates 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2Photosynthesis Respiration • Produced by photosynthesis in plants. • The major source of energy from our diet. • Composed of the elements C, H, and O. glucose C n (H 2 O) n
#3 слайд
Carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharide + H
2 O no hydrolysisH +
or enzyme
2. Disaccharide + H
2 O two monosaccharide units
+
3. Polysaccharide + many H
2 O many monosaccharide unitsH +
or enzyme
H +
or enzyme
3 слайд
Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharide + H 2 O no hydrolysisH + or enzyme 2. Disaccharide + H 2 O two monosaccharide units + 3. Polysaccharide + many H 2 O many monosaccharide unitsH + or enzyme H + or enzyme
#4 слайд
Monosaccharides (Simple Sugar)
Monosaccharides are carbohydrates with:
•
The simplest carbohydrates
•
3-9 carbon atoms
•
A carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone)
•
Several hydroxyl groups C
n H
2n O
n
║
C ─ H
│
H ─ C ─ OH
│
H ─ C ─ OH
│
CH
2 OHO C
n (H
2 O)
nA carbohydrate that cannot be split or hydrolyzed into smaller carbohydrates.
4 слайд
Monosaccharides (Simple Sugar) Monosaccharides are carbohydrates with: • The simplest carbohydrates • 3-9 carbon atoms • A carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone) • Several hydroxyl groups C n H 2n O n ║ C ─ H │ H ─ C ─ OH │ H ─ C ─ OH │ CH 2 OHO C n (H 2 O) nA carbohydrate that cannot be split or hydrolyzed into smaller carbohydrates.
#5 слайд
Aldose is monosaccharide:
•
With an aldehyde group and many
hydroxyl (-OH) groups.
•
triose (3C atoms)
•
tetrose (4C atoms)
•
pentose (5 C atoms)
•
hexose (6 C atoms)
“ Aldo-” + suffix O
║
C ─ H aldose
│
H ─ C ─ OH
│
H ─ C ─ OH
│
CH
2 OH
an aldotetrose
( Erythose)Monosaccharides - Aldose
1
5 слайд
Aldose is monosaccharide: • With an aldehyde group and many hydroxyl (-OH) groups. • triose (3C atoms) • tetrose (4C atoms) • pentose (5 C atoms) • hexose (6 C atoms) “ Aldo-” + suffix O ║ C ─ H aldose │ H ─ C ─ OH │ H ─ C ─ OH │ CH 2 OH an aldotetrose ( Erythose)Monosaccharides - Aldose 1
#6 слайд
Monosaccharides - Ketose
Ketose is monosaccharide:
•
With a ketone group and many
hydroxyl (-OH) groups.
•
triose (3C atoms)
•
tetrose (4C atoms)
•
pentose (5 C atoms)
•
hexose (6 C atoms)
“ Keto-” + suffix C H
2 OH
│
C = O ketose
│
H ─ C ─ OH
│
H ─ C ─ OH
│
H ─ C ─ OH
│
CH
2 OH
a ketohexose
(Fructose) 1
2
6 слайд
Monosaccharides - Ketose Ketose is monosaccharide: • With a ketone group and many hydroxyl (-OH) groups. • triose (3C atoms) • tetrose (4C atoms) • pentose (5 C atoms) • hexose (6 C atoms) “ Keto-” + suffix C H 2 OH │ C = O ketose │ H ─ C ─ OH │ H ─ C ─ OH │ H ─ C ─ OH │ CH 2 OH a ketohexose (Fructose) 1 2
#7 слайд
•
The simplest aldose is glyceraldehyde .
•
The simplest ketose is dihydroxyacetone .Monosaccharides (Simple Sugar)
C
3 H
6 O
3C
3 H
6 O
3
7 слайд
• The simplest aldose is glyceraldehyde . • The simplest ketose is dihydroxyacetone .Monosaccharides (Simple Sugar) C 3 H 6 O 3C 3 H 6 O 3
#8 слайд
Some important Monosaccharides
Glucose (Dextrose)
(C
6 H
12 O
6 , aldohexose) – Blood sugar
•
The most abundant monosaccharide
•
Is found in fruits, vegetables,
corn syrup, and honey.
•
Is found in disaccharides such as sucrose,
lactose, and maltose.
•
Makes up polysaccharides such as starch,
cellulose, and glycogen.H H O
H
C H 2O H
O H C
H
H
O H
O H
C
C
C
O H
C
8 слайд
Some important Monosaccharides Glucose (Dextrose) (C 6 H 12 O 6 , aldohexose) – Blood sugar • The most abundant monosaccharide • Is found in fruits, vegetables, corn syrup, and honey. • Is found in disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose. • Makes up polysaccharides such as starch, cellulose, and glycogen.H H O H C H 2O H O H C H H O H O H C C C O H C
#9 слайд
Some important Monosaccharides
Glucose (Dextrose)
- Excess glucose is stored as the polysaccharide glycogen or as fat .- Normal blood glucose levels are 70-110 mg/dL .
- Insulin (a protein produced in the pancreas) regulates blood glucose levels
by stimulating the uptake of glucose into tissues or the formation of
glycogen.
- Patients with diabetes produce insufficient insulin to adequately regulate
blood sugar levels, so they must monitor their diet and/or inject insulin
daily .
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Some important Monosaccharides Glucose (Dextrose) - Excess glucose is stored as the polysaccharide glycogen or as fat .- Normal blood glucose levels are 70-110 mg/dL . - Insulin (a protein produced in the pancreas) regulates blood glucose levels by stimulating the uptake of glucose into tissues or the formation of glycogen. - Patients with diabetes produce insufficient insulin to adequately regulate blood sugar levels, so they must monitor their diet and/or inject insulin daily .
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Physical properties of Monosaccharides
-
Colorless
-
Sweet Tasting
-
Crystalline solids
-
Polar with high melting points (because of OH groups)
-
Soluble in water and insoluble in nonpolar solvents
(H-bond because of OH groups)
10 слайд
Physical properties of Monosaccharides - Colorless - Sweet Tasting - Crystalline solids - Polar with high melting points (because of OH groups) - Soluble in water and insoluble in nonpolar solvents (H-bond because of OH groups)
#11 слайд
Disaccharides
A disaccharide:
•
Consists of two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond (when
one –OH group reacts with another –OH group).
Glucose + Glucose Maltose + H
2 O
Glucose + Galactose Lactose + H
2 O
Glucose + Fructose Sucrose + H
2 O
11 слайд
Disaccharides A disaccharide: • Consists of two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond (when one –OH group reacts with another –OH group). Glucose + Glucose Maltose + H 2 O Glucose + Galactose Lactose + H 2 O Glucose + Fructose Sucrose + H 2 O
#12 слайд
Disaccharides have at least one acetal carbon (a carbon atom singly bonded
to two OR (alkoxy) groups .Disaccharides
12 слайд
Disaccharides have at least one acetal carbon (a carbon atom singly bonded to two OR (alkoxy) groups .Disaccharides
#13 слайд
Disaccharides
The glycosidic bond joining the two rings can be alpha ( or beta ( .
13 слайд
Disaccharides The glycosidic bond joining the two rings can be alpha ( or beta ( .
#14 слайд
•
Polymers of many monosaccharides units.
Amylose (20%)
•
Starch
Amylopectin (80%)
•
Glycogen (an energy storage in animals & humans)
•
Cellulose (plant and wood structures). Polysaccharides
( starch that stores glucose in plants such
as rice, potatoes, beans, and wheat - energy storage ).
14 слайд
• Polymers of many monosaccharides units. Amylose (20%) • Starch Amylopectin (80%) • Glycogen (an energy storage in animals & humans) • Cellulose (plant and wood structures). Polysaccharides ( starch that stores glucose in plants such as rice, potatoes, beans, and wheat - energy storage ).
#15 слайд
Amylose:
•
Is a polysaccharide of α -glucose in a
continuous (unbranched) chain (helical or coil
form).
•
Has α-1,4-glycosidic bonds between the
α - glucose units (250 to 4000 units).
Polysaccharides
α -1,4-glycosidic bond
15 слайд
Amylose: • Is a polysaccharide of α -glucose in a continuous (unbranched) chain (helical or coil form). • Has α-1,4-glycosidic bonds between the α - glucose units (250 to 4000 units). Polysaccharides α -1,4-glycosidic bond
#16 слайд
Amylopectin:
•
Is a polysaccharide of glucose units in branched chains.
•
Has α-1,4-glycosidic bonds between the α -glucose units.
•
Has α -1,6 bonds to branches of glucose units.
(at about every 25 glucose units, there is a branch).
•
Both forms of starch are water soluble.
Polysaccharides
16 слайд
Amylopectin: • Is a polysaccharide of glucose units in branched chains. • Has α-1,4-glycosidic bonds between the α -glucose units. • Has α -1,6 bonds to branches of glucose units. (at about every 25 glucose units, there is a branch). • Both forms of starch are water soluble. Polysaccharides
#17 слайд
Polysaccharides
Amylose, Amylopectin (starch)
H +
or α -amylase (enzyme in saliva)
Dextrins (6-8 glucose units)
H +
or α -amylase (enzyme in pancreas)
Maltose (2 glucose units)
H +
or α -maltase (enzyme)
Many α -D-glucose units Digestion process
17 слайд
Polysaccharides Amylose, Amylopectin (starch) H + or α -amylase (enzyme in saliva) Dextrins (6-8 glucose units) H + or α -amylase (enzyme in pancreas) Maltose (2 glucose units) H + or α -maltase (enzyme) Many α -D-glucose units Digestion process
#18 слайд
- Cellulose makes up the insoluble fiber in our diets.
- It passes through the digestive system without being metabolized.
- Fiber is important in adding bulk to waste to help eliminate it more easily
(even though it gives us no nutrition). Polysaccharides
Cellulose:
18 слайд
- Cellulose makes up the insoluble fiber in our diets. - It passes through the digestive system without being metabolized. - Fiber is important in adding bulk to waste to help eliminate it more easily (even though it gives us no nutrition). Polysaccharides Cellulose:
#19 слайд
19 слайд
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