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HEPATITIS

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Hepatitis. ■Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver tissue.Some people or animals with hepatitis have no symptoms, whereas others develop yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes (jaundice), poor appetite, vomiting, tiredness , abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Hepatitis is acute if it resolves within six months, and chronic if it lasts longer than six months. Acute hepatitis can  resolve on its own, progress to chronic hepatitis, or (rarely) result in  acute liver failure.Chronic hepatitis may progress to scarring of the liver ( cirrhosis), liver failure, and liver cancer.

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■Hepatitis is most commonly caused by the virus  hepatovirus A, B, C,  D, and .  Other viruses can also cause liver inflammation , including  cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, and yellow fever virus. Other common causes of hepatitis include  heavy alcohol use, certain medications, toxins, other infections, autoimmune diseases ,  and  non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).  Hepatitis A and E are mainly spread by contaminated food and water. Hepatitis B is mainly  sexually transmitted, but may also be passed from mother to baby  during pregnancy or childbirth and spread through infected  blood.  Hepatitis C is commonly spread through infected blood such as may occur during needle sharing by intravenous drug users . [3]  Hepatitis D can only infect people already infected with hepatitis B. ■Hepatitis A, B, and D are preventable with immunization.  Medications may be used to treat chronic viral hepatitis.  Antiviral medications are recommended in all with chronic hepatitis C, except those with conditions that limit their life expectancy.  There is no specific treatment for NASH; physical activity, a  healthy diet, and  weight loss are recommended. Autoimmune hepatitis  may be treated with medications to suppress the immune system .A liver transplant  may be an option in both acute and chronic liver failure.

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■ide in 2015, hepatitis A occurred in about 114 million people, chronic hepatitis B affected about 343 million people and chronic hepatitis C about 142 million people . In the United States, NASH affects about 11 million people and  alcoholic hepatitis affects about 5 million peopl. Hepatitis results in more than a million deaths a year, most of which occur indirectly from liver scarring or liver cance . In the United States, hepatitis A is estimated to occur in about 2,500 people a year and results in about 75 deaths. The word is derived from the Greek hêpar (ἧπαρ), meaning "liver", and -itis (-ῖτις), meaning "inflammn".

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■Hepatitis has a broad spectrum of presentations that range from a complete lack of symptoms to severe  liver failure. The acute form of hepatitis, generally caused by viral infection, is characterized by constitutional symptoms  that are typically self-limiting.  Chronic hepatitis presents similarly, but can manifest signs and symptoms specific to liver dysfunction with long-standing inflammation and damage to the organ.

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