"Емдеу ісі" мамандықтары 1 курс студенттеріне арналғал кітапша

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Almaty is the largest city of Kazakhstan

At a foot of mountains AlaTau in a green valley was stretched the largest city of our republic Almaty. In 1929 Alma-ata became capital of Kazakhstan. And now along with new capital Astana of Almaty keeps the status of southern capital. The population of Almaty are over one million person. The most important places of interest are the ice sport centre “Medeo”, mountain skiing centre “Shymbulak”, “Koktobe”, various museums, theatres, cinemas. There is National Academy of sciences, a number of universities and Institutes in Almaty.

The chief industry is machinery engineering and food one. In 1997 in connection with the transfer of the capital to Astana, Almaty got the particular status of political, financial, economic, scientific and cultural center. Almaty is one of the international tourism centers and one of the attractive cities in the Euro-Asian continent.

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Political system of Kazakhstan

Political system of Kazakhstan According to the Constitution, adopted at the national referendum on August 30, 1995, the Republic of Kazakhstan is a unitary state with a presidential form of government, which has three independent branches: executive, legislative and judicial. President. President is the head of the state, elected by a national popular vote. Presidential term is seven years. Current President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is Nursultan Nazarbayev (since 24 April 1990) The Government. The Government of Kazakhstan exercises executive power, heads the system of executive bodies and provides guidance of their activities. The Head of the government is appointed by the President when the candidature of the premier has been approved by the majority of Parliament. Personal composition of the government is appointed by the President by the presentation of candidatures by premier. Structure and composition of the government of Kazakhstan. Prime-minister submits for a consideration to the President the structure of the government. The structure of the government is - the Prime-Minister, Vice Prime-Minister, 3 Prime-Minister deputies and 16 ministers.

Parliament

The legislative branch in Kazakhstan is represented by a bicameral Parliament: a Lower Chamber - the Majilis, and an Upper Chamber - the Senate. According to the Constitution, the Parliament is a high representative body of the Republic which carries out legislative functions. Senate. The Senate is established by elections in each region, city and the capital of Kazakhstan deputies at joint session of deputies of all representative bodies of regions, cities of republican importance and the capital. Seven deputies of Senate are appointed by the president. There 39 deputies in the Upper Chamber, 32 of them are elected, 7 are appointed by the Head of state. Kazakhstan government, political system (Politics) Kazakhstan government overview Kazakhstan has a hybrid system of government that combines aspects of both parliamentary and presidential systems. The principle of independence and the political system were formulated in the first Constitution of Kazakhstan of January 1993, which was approved by referendum on 30 August 1995. Kazakhstan government features Kazakhstan has a parliamentary system with a president as head of the State. Kazakhstan last presidential election was in January 2006 for a seven-year term.

Kazakhstan president

Kazakhstan president serves as commander-in-chief, sets foreign policy, can initiate legislation, and appoints Kazakhstan prime minister, subject to Parliamentary approval. Kazakhstan parliament is the supreme legislative body and consists of two chambers, the Senate (Upper House) and the Mazhilis (Lower House). The 47 members of Kazakhstan Senate are indirectly elected representatives of regional assemblies and appointees of Kazakhstan president. The Mazhilis is composed of 67 elected deputies. Kazakhstan parliament is elected for a four-year term. Kazakhstan prime minister is the head of the executive branch of government and is appointed by Kazakhstan president, with the approval of Kazakhstan parliament. He chairs the Cabinet, which, as of January 2006, consists of three Deputy Prime Ministers, the Ministers of the 14 State Ministries and the 5 Chairmen of the State Agencies. The heads of the local administrations (Akims of 14 oblasts and 2 cities) are appointed by Kazakhstan president. Since December 1997, the capital of Kazakhstan has been Astana. From 1929 to 1997 the capital of Kazakhstan was the city of Almaty, founded in 1854.

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Kazakhstan history

1.Ancient times

The first settlements in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan date back to Paleolithic period, about 100 000 years ago. The historians of antiquity called them the Saks. For many centuries the land of the Saks was the scene of bloody, devastating wars. And many conquerors had encroached that land 
In the 8th-9th centuries Islam was established on the territory of Kazakhstan as a state religion. In 1219, Mongol-Tatars led by Genghis Khan invaded Kazakhstan. They swept over the Kazakh land with fire and sword. As the result of those aggressive campaigns Kazakhstan, like the entire Central Asia region, was annexed to the vast empire of the Mongols known in world history as the Golden Horde. However, the Golden Horde turned out to be an unstable state and in the 30ies-40ies of the 14th century, the Golden Horde was disintegrated into separatekhanates. 
2.Middle-Ages

The Kazakh Khanate was founded in 1465 on the banks of Jetisu in the south-eastern part of present Kazakhstan by Janibek Khan and Kerei Khan. During the reign of Kasym Khan (1511-1523), the Kazakh Khanate expanded considerably. The Kazaks were traditionally divided into three parts- the Great zhuz, the Middle zhuz and the Little zhuz. All zhuzes had to agree in order to have a common Khan. In 1731 there was no strong Kazakh leadership and the three zhuzeswere incorporated into the Russian Empire one by one. Despite the colonial policy of Russian Government this was an important step, which opened before the Kazakhs the opportunity of establishing economic and cultural links with Russian people. Besides an increasing number of Kazakhs settled down and took up crop-farming. 
3.Kazakh people in Russian Empire

After the rebellion of October 1917, the Bolsheviks ignored the ethnic differences of people and created Kirghiz Socialist Kazakhstan in present day Kyrgyzstan. Five years later, in 1925, the Kazakh appellation is reinstated; the Kazakh SSR was given capital- Alma-Ata. 
The end of the 20th century brought new possibilities for development of statehood of Kazakhstan. In 1991, following the disintegration of the Soviet Union Kazakhstan became an independent state.

4.Present day

On October25, 1990 the Declaration of Sovereignty of the Republic was signed. On the 16th of December 1991 a Declaration about Independence of Kazakhstan was adopted. The new Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan adopted on August 30, 1995 established a new state of the republic.

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Flora and fauna of Kazakhstan

Over six thousand kinds of plants are growing in Kazakhstan, on its open spaces it is possible to meet about 500 kinds of birds, 178 kinds of animals, 49 kinds of reptiles, 12 kinds of amphibians, and in the rivers and lakes – 107 kinds of fishes.

A variety of invertebrate animals here is even more: not only there are more then thousand kinds of insects. Mollusks, worms, spiders, crustaceous and others living in Kazakhstan are not less than 30 thousand kinds.

Northern Kazakhstan is fertile humus forest – steppe: to the south – steppe, behind them semi-deserts and sandy deserts with haloxylon thickets. On slopes of mountains are located the coniferous woods.

Only in Kazakhstan live such rare animals as Transcaspian urial, long-needle hedgehog and some wild cats: caracal and desert cat. In the Altai mountains of Kazakhstan, covered with taiga woods you will meet a giant moose, beautiful deer, our smallest deer – musk deer, famous sable, chipmunk.

On high-mountainous lake Markakol in Southern Altai of Kazakhstan was founded a national park for protection of flora and fauna, especially of fishes. On lakes there are a lot of waterfowl birds. And in the woods on its coast were kept nesting-places of such rare birds as fish hawk and black stork; at tops are living very rare here snow cock.

The steppes of Kazakhstan are magnificent. The special charm to them is given by fresh and salty lakes, on which are thousands of waterfowls and coastal birds submitted tens kinds of ducks, geese, gull, sea swallow, herons.

Seasons in Kazakhstan

It often snows. The most unpleasant thing about winter is that the sun sets early and rises late – especially in December and January. The days are short, the sky is often grey, nature is sleeping and sometimes it gets rather boring. But at the end of March the weather gets gradually milder. The sun shines more brightly. The days become longer. The snow begins melting.

Spring comes and nature awakes after a long sleep of winter. All kinds of plants and flowers come out. The birds return from the South and build their nests. The farmers begin the sowing campaign. Everything around is full of life and joy. Spring is followed by summer.

The weather gets still warmer and sometimes it is very hot. The sky is blue and cloudless. But sometimes there are storms with thunder and lightning. The gardens are gay with flowers all summer months. In summer people spend much time in the open air. Autumn comes in September. Early autumn is still the harvest time, the time when the fruits and vegetables become ripe. It is also a very beautiful time in the year, when the weather is still warm, and leaves change their color for green to yellow. But towards the end of October the weather gets colder and colder. There is much rain and fog. Leaves fall from trees and cover the ground.

Birds fly away to the warm countries. Low and heavy clouds hang in the sky. Nature slowly falls asleep for winter. In fact every season has its fine days and is pleasant in its own way.

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Education in Kazakhstan

We started school at the age of seven. After four years of primary school we went to secondary school. Primary and secondary schools together comprise eleven years of classes are compulsory in our republic.
Our school year began on the first of September and ended in May. It lasted 9 months. We had four holidays a year: winter, spring, summer and autumn. On the 1st of September we got acquainted with our teachers and had our first lessons. Every lesson lasted 45 minutes. Every day we had 5 or 6 lessons.
The primary school curriculum included such as subjects Kazakh, Maths, Russian, Drawing, PT and Music. We had also Nature classes. Our school was not English, but we had English classes which started in the 2nd form.
Recently Kazakhstan has also developed several types of schools with greater specialization such as gymnasium, technical, lyceums and private schools. Education is free, except those which work on a commercial basic.
Today the educational system in Kazakhstan is presented by two languages: Kazakh and Russian. Primary education is the most developed of the state’s educational system. Pupils receive their primary education in schools of three different levels. Primary 1 - 4 grades, middle 5 - 9 grades and junior 10 - 11 grades. After finishing the 9th grade children continue education in high schools in technical - professional institutes, or in special schools.

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Holidays in Kazakhstan

What’s “holiday” – “holly” and “day”. Holiday is an unusual rest day. It’s a day when people don’t go to work or to school, shops and banks are closed because of a national celebration. As you know every country and every nation has their own holidays, customs and traditions.

   All the holidays of Kazakhstan may be divided into national, state and professional ones. The national holidays are held in honor of the events having a special historical importance for the development of independent Kazakhstan. Celebration of the national holidays is accompanied with holding of official events. Such holiday is considered Independence Day of Kazakhstan.

The state holidays are devoted to the events having social and political importance, they also include traditional Kazakh holidays. This category of the holidays includes New Year, the International Women Day, Nauryz, Unity Day, Capital  Day, Constitution Day. Kazakhstan has another type of holidays – professional ones.The holidays of national and state nature are days off for the whole Kazakhstan population.

Kazakh traditions

Тraditions are connected  with the most important events  of people life.

The first step, which makes a child in his or her life, is a great holiday in every Kazakh family. It is called Tsau-kesu. For this holiday it is necessary a cord, consisting of two strings, white and black. Why of two colors?

Because these colors show two different sides of future life. Black color means that a child should be ready to come across some difficulties in life. White color shows the progress in child’s future life. In other words difficulties and successes will be mixed up in his or her life.

Kazakh national foods
- Baursacks - it's made from flow and fried in the oil.
- Kymyz it's our national drink. It's a horse milk.
- Kurt it's made from airan.
- It's a horse meat zhal - zhaya and kazy. It's boiled in the water.
- Irimshik made from cow's milk.

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The most popular Kazakh writers

AbaiKunanbayev
Abai was a great Kazakh poet, musician and writer. He was born in Abai settlement near the city of Semei. He was a well – known Kazakh poet, a great thinker, composer, philosopher, the founder of written Kazakh literature, and its first classic. His father Kunanbai was very strict. But his mother Ulzhan and grandmother Zere were kind, warm-hearted and good-natured people. They were good story-tellers, too. They told little Abai a lot of interesting stories, tales and legends of Kazakh people.
Abai went to a religious school at the age of 9. But when he was 13, he began to learn Russian and entered the Russian school in Semei. He liked to read books of great Russian poets and writers: Pushkin, Lermontov, Krylov. Later Abai translated their works into Kazakh and wrote a lot of masterpieces of literature. His poetry is very popular nowadays.

IbrayAltynsarin
IbrayAltynsarin was a famous Kazakh educator and teacher of the 19th century. He was born in 1841 in Torghai region. Altynsarin started a Cyrillic alphabet for the Kazakh language. He opened many Kazakh-Russian schools and schools for girls. He translated books and textbooks. He wrote the first Kazakh Grammar book. Altynsarin travelled a lot and visited many countries. He liked children and wrote poems for them. A lot of streets, institutes and schools are named after Altynsarin. There is an Altynsarin museum in Kostanay.

Mukhtar Auezov
Mukhtar Auezov was born in 1897 in Abai district in Semey region. His grandfather Auez and his father Omarkhan were well-educated persons. Mukhtar Auezovwas : – a writer – a scientist-educator – one of the founders of Kazakh Soviet Literature – a famous public figure. In 1928 he graduated from the faculty of History and philology of Leningrad University. In 1930 he finished the post-graduate courses of the Turkic department of the faculty of his Orient in the Middle Asian State University in Tashkent. He was the first Kazakh professor lecturing on Kazakh Literature. His novels are: “Kokserek”, “Abaizholy”, “Karashkarash”, “Enlik-Kebek” and etc. The most famous of his works is the novel “Abaizholy”.

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The Famous actors, singers in Kazakhstan

RozaKuanyshevnaRymbaeva

RozaKuanyshevnaRymbaeva (born 1957) is a Soviet and Kazakh artist, and the most famous singer of Kazakhstan. She was born in 28 October 1957 at the Zhangiz-Tobe station in the East Kazakhstan Province to a family of railway workers. Graduated from the faculty musical-dramatic comedy of theatrical-artistic institute in Almaty (1984). From 1976 to 1979 soloist of republican youth-pop band "Gulder" ("Flowers"), from 1979 in a pop band "Arai", managed by her husband T.Okapov. Since 1979 - a soloist of Kazakhconcert, the main republican concert. She also combines as a teacher of Republic pop-circus college. The winner of various international contests of pop singers (1977 Sopot, Bulgaria, 1979, Istanbul, Turkey). The winner of grand-prix of "Gala-83" international contest in Cuba.

Tulegenova, Bibigul’ Akhmetovna

Tulegenova, Bibigul’ Akhmetovna. Born Dec. 16, 1929, in Semipalatinsk. Soviet coloratura soprano. People’s Artist of the USSR (1967). Tulegenova graduated from the conservatory in Alma-Ata in 1954. She was a soloist with the Kazakh Theater of Opera and Ballet from 1954 to 1956 and with the Kazakh Philharmonic Society from 1956 to 1971, at which time she returned to the Kazakh Theater of Opera and Ballet. Tulegenova’s voice has a distinctive silvery tone, and her performances are noted for their spontaneity and depth of interpretation. Tulegenova’s roles have included the title role in Rimsky-Korsakov’s The Snow Maiden, Violetta and Gilda in Verdi’s La Traviata and Rigoletto, Rosina in Rossini’s The Barber of Seville, Norina in Donizetti’s Don Pasquale, the title role in Brusilovskii’sKyz-Zhibek, Gul’barshin in Rakh-madiev’sAlpamys, and the title role in Zhubanova’sEnlik-Kebek. Tulegenova performs in concerts at home and has toured abroad.

AsanaliAshimovichAshimov

AsanaliAshimovichAshimov (born May 8, 1937) is a Soviet and Kazakh actor, film director and screenwriter. In 1980 he was awarded the title of People's Artist of USSR, and in 2017 - the title of Hero of Labour of Kazakhstan. As an actor, Ashimov is best known for the role of Kasym-khan Chadiyarov in four movies, filmed in 1970-2009.For the role of Shadiyarov in the film "The End of Ataman" awarded the State Prize of the Kazakh SSR (1973) for character of Elaman in the play "Blood and Sweat" (A. Nurpeyіsov, dir. A. Mambetov) gets the State Prize of the USSR (1974) National Artist of Kazakhstan (1976), National Artist of the USSR (1980).

For significant contribution to the development of cinematography was awarded by the Independent Award "Tarlan" (2000), Chevalier of the Order "Otan" (2001), Commander of the Order "Kurmet" (2007), "Parasat" (2007), winner of medals "Merited figure of Art" of MC of RK (2012), was awarded by the Order "Dostyk" (2014)

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Economy of Kazakhstan

The economic potential of Kazakhstan is defined by rich reserves of natural resources, vast agricultural lands, developed labour and other resources.

Almost all chemical elements of Mendeleyev’s table can be found in the depths of the country. According to the results of geological and economic evaluation of the available mineral resources of Kazakhstan, of the greatest economic importance are coal, oil, copper, iron, lead, zinc, chromite, gold and manganese. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals mined in Kazakhstan are exported to Japan, South Korea, the USA, Canada, Russia, China and countries of EU.

If we look at the economic map of Kazakhstan, we can divide it into five industrial sectors. The north of Kazakhstan is mainly rural.  Here we can find well-cultivated fields and the pastures. Kazakhstan is the major producer of wheat, which is grown primarily in the north. Cereal crops, including durum wheat, barley, and oat, cattle breeding and dairy – farming are important branches of this sector. Agricultural producers that often give the state millions of tons of grain significantly support the economy of the country. Besides, there are enterprises of food, light and heavy industries in this area as well as engineering and production of agricultural mechanisms.

The south of the country is famous for growing vegetables and fruits. Other crops including rice and cotton are grown on the irrigated lands as well. Livestock farming is presented by sheep breeding, dairy and meat cattle breeding, camel and horse breeding. Besides, the chemical industry is well-developed in this region. The textile, light and food industries as well as oil refining and production of building materials play the important role in the development of this region.

West of the country is well-known for its significant oil and gas reserves, allowing to rank the Republic’s largest oil producers in the world. Tengiz and Kashagan oil fields contain 88 percent of Central Asia’s oil wealth. Recent exploration confirmed that these deposits are extensive, which has prompted several international corporations to form joint ventures with Kazakh partners to exploit local petroleum resources. Refining capacity, which does not meet domestic demand, is scheduled for rapid expansion. By 2015 the production of oil will be increased and as a result Kazakhstan will enter the top ten largest oil-producing countries of the world. The main source of budget revenues is the export of oil and oil products. Ship-building is a new branch of industry.

East of the country is the centre of the electric power production. Power sources are Ekibastuz coal fields and hydroelectric power stations which are constructed on the rivers of the Eastern Kazakhstan. There are some plants of the ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, engineering and automobile industry. In farming the cultivation of fodder and such technical crops as sunflower and flax takes place. There is also a fruit-growing, hemp-growing and bee-growing.

The Central Kazakhstan is the main region of the development of the mining industry and non-ferrous metallurgy. Coal is actively mined in the Karaganda coal fields. The key industries are ferrous metallurgy, machine building, light, and textile and food industries. The main direction in the live-stock belongs to the meat and dairy cattle breeding. The agriculture is presented by cultivation of the cereal and fodder crops.

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Art of Kazakhstan

Traditional music of the Kazakh people is a rich treasury of spiritual heritage. It embodies all the talent and wisdom of the people; in third millennium it acquired special historical significance, especial artistic and cultural value.

In terms of the National program “Cultural heritage” they created the project Anthology of the Kazakh traditional music “Mangiliksaryn: kazaktyn 1000 kui, 1000 ani” (“Immortal melodies: 1000 kui, 1000 songs”). This is a grand and unprecedented work on collection, preparation, processing, restoration, digitalization and release of CDs with the Kazakh traditional music in authentic performance in the history of the national culture.

Vocal music

Authors of many Kazakh traditional songs were forgotten long ago, thus these songs are called folk music. However, authors (composers) of many Kazakh songs are famous and respected.

Birzhan-salKozhagululy (1834-1897) - an outstanding Kazakh composer, a singer and a poet. Born into a poor family in a village near Kokshetau. From a young age he was fond of music and singing and later started to compose his own songs that have received a lot of popularity in the steppe. Birzhan’s songs touches on the themes as social issues, moral concepts, the fate of individuals, as well as love lyrics.

Akan-seriKoramsauly (1843-1913) is an outstanding Kazakh composer. He was born on the shores of Lake UlkenKoskel in Kokshetau region. From his young age he stood out among peers by his attraction to music and poetry, and his constant participation in festivals and competitions has given the prefix to his name – seri. Kazakh folk music mainly impacted on the formation of his compositional talent.

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Computerization of Kazakhstan

The State programme of the informatization of the secondary educational system, initiated by the President N.A. Nazarbaev, is being implemented since 1997. By the beginning of the new school year, the computerization of all schools will be achieved.

At present, an Information system of educational management is being introduced, which unites in one network all educational managerial organs, educational establishment and the majority of schools of Kazakhstan.

The Concept and Programme of informatization of the entire educational system of the country have been elaborated. In order to improve the quality of education at all levels, the Ministry of Education is working on the introduction of the new information and communication technologies in education.

In co-operation with UNESCO, pilot projects are being developed for the introduction of various forms of distance learning. One of the important steps towards the informatisation of the educational system at all levels is the creation of a centralized educational information resource base of Kazakhstan.

The modern period of development of society characterized by a strong influence on his computer technologies, which pervade all spheres of human activity, provide a flow of information in society, forming a global information space. An integral and important part of these processes is the formation of computerization.

Computer technology is designed to be an integral part in the training. Therefore, the professional activities of teachers has undergone significant changes over the past few years. Many of the problems of modern education (professional level rise, development of new educational technologies, the transition from the principle of "education for life" to "lifelong learning") today are directly related to information and communication technologies.

Computerization has become one of the priority directions of development of education. informatization process put forward the requirement of increased professional mobility. Equipping schools with modern technical equipment (computers, interactive whiteboards, Internet) contributes to the development of professional skills of teachers and improve the quality of education.

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Cultural heritage

Cultural heritage is the object of careful attention in Kazakhstan. The year 2003 was significant in the development of culture. In his Address to the people of Kazakhstan the president of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev ordered to elaborate and start realization of the special State program “Cultural heritage”.

The realization of the program was started in 2004 and supposed for two years. Later there were worked out another two stages of the program: 2007- 2009 and 2009- 2011.

The State program “Cultural heritage” became the basic document in the sphere of development of spiritual and educational activity, providing of preservation and effective use of cultural heritage of the state. Kazakhstan was the first of the CIS-countries to start realization of such scaled project.

The aims of the “Cultural heritage” are studying, restoration and preservation of historical and cultural heritage of the state, revival of historical and cultural traditions and propaganda of cultural heritage of Kazakhstan.

The State program “Cultural heritage” is realized according to several thematic trends:

• Reproduction of historical and cultural and architectural monuments that are of special importance for national culture;

• Archeologicalresearch;

• Scientific works in the sphere of cultural heritage of the Kazakh;

• Generalization of the century-old experience of national literature and writings.

From the moment of adoption of the program in 2004 there were finished restoration works at 51 monuments of history and culture, archeological researches of 39 ancient settlements and barrows were held.

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Travelling

Almost all people are fond of travelling. It is very interesting to see new places, another towns and countries. People are fond of travelling. There are various methods of travelling. For me there is nothing like travel by air; it is more comfortable, more convenient and, of course, far quicker than any other method.

Travelling by ship is also very popular now. It is very pleasant to feel the deck of the ship under the feet, to see the rise and fall of the waves, to feel the fresh sea wind.

A very popular method of travelling is hiking. It is travelling on foot. Walking tours are very interesting. Hitch-hiking is a very popular method of travelling among young people.

I think that if you go abroad you should know foreign languages, because they can help you to communicate with people in a foreign country, and you will feel more comfortable.

The famous trаvellers

ShoqanUalikhanov was born in November in 1935. He was a Kazakh scientist, ethnographer and historian. ShoqanUalikhanov began his second expedition.He had a caravan of 43 men, 101 camels and 65 horses. The caravan arrived in Kashgar in early October of 1858. During his travels he collected a lot of materials about traditions and customs of the people in the places he visited. He died on April 10, 1865 at the age of 29. His works are still popular.

James Cook was born in England in 1728. He made three voyages to different places: The Pacific Ocean, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, the Antarctic, and Arctic. He discovered the Hawaiian Iilands.

Christopher Columbus was born in Italy in 1451. He was a sailor and made many voyages. In 1492 he started a journey with three ships. It was long and difficult. He discovered America in 1492.

Michael Przhewalski was born in Russia in 1839. He travelled to unknown parts of Central Asia. His journeys opened a new era for the study of geography, fauna and flora od Central Asia.

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Means of Communication

People use various means of communication to get from one place to another. In the old days people had to travel several days, weeks and months to get to the place they needed. They either went on foot, by coaches driven by horses or on horseback or by. boats and ships. Then trams, cars, buses, planes, underground and other means appeared.

Many people like to travel by air as it is the fastest way of traveling. A lot of people like to travel by train because they can look at passing villages, forests and fields through windows. Some people like to travel by car. There they can go as slowly or as fast as they like. They can stop when and where they want.

People who live in big cities use various means of communication to get from one place to another. Londoners use the underground railway. They call it "the tube". London's underground is the oldest in the world. It was opened in 1863. There was one route at that time, four miles long. Now London's underground has 277 stations and it is 244 miles long. Londoners use buses. The first bus route was opened in London in 1904 Today there are hundreds of routes there. The interesting thing is that some of the routes are the same as many years ago.

London's buses are double-decked buses. Londoners do not use trams, though London was the first city where trams appeared. And now it is one of the biggest cities in the world where there are no trams. The last tram left the streets of London many years ago. Londoners use cars. One can see a lot of cars in London streets. When Londoners leave the town, they use trains, ships or planes.

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The United Kingdomof Great Britain and Northern Ireland

The full name of the country the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

The United Kingdom is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland, and a great number of small islands. Their total area is over 314 000 sq. km. The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain iswashed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea. Northern Ireland occupies one third of the island of Ireland. It borders on the Irish Republic in the south. The island of Great Britain consists of three main parts: England (the southern and middle part of the island), Wales (a mountainous peninsula in the West) and Scotland (the northern part of the island). There are no high mountains in Great Britain. In the north the Cheviots separate England from Scotland, the Pennines stretch down North England along its middle, the Cambrian mountains occupy the greater part of Wales and the Highlands of Scotland are the tallest of the British mountains. There is very little flat country except in the region known as East Anglia.

The population of the United Kingdom is over 58 million people. The main nationalities are: English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish. In Great Britain there are a lot of immigrants from former British Asian and African colonies.

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London

London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and cultural centre. It's one of the largest cities in the world. Its population is more than 11 million people. London is situated on the river Thames. The city is very old and beautiful. It was founded more than two thousand years ago. Traditionally London is divided into several parts: The City, the West End, the East End and Westminster. The City is the oldest part of London, its financial and business centre. The heart of the City is the Stock Exchange.

Westminster is the most important part of the capital. It's the administrative centre. The Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British Government, are there. It's a very beautiful building with two towers and a very big clock called Big Ben. Big Ben is really the bell which strikes every quarter of an hour. Opposite the Houses of Parliament is Westminster Abbey. It's a very beautiful church built over 900 years ago. The tombs of many great statesmen, scientists and writers are there.

To the west of Westminster is West End. Here we find most of the big shops, hotels, museums, art galleries, theatres and concert halls. Picadilly Circus is the heart of London's West End. In the West End there are wide streets with beautiful houses and many parks, gardens and squares. To the east of Westminster is the East End, an industrial district of the capital. There are no parks or gardens in the East End, and you can't see many fine houses there. Most of the plants and factories are situated there.

London has many places of interest. One of them is Buckingham Palace. It's the residence of the Queen. The English are proud of Trafalgar Square, which was named so in memory of the victory at the battle. There in 1805 the English fleet defeated the fleet of France and Spain. The last place of interest I should like to mention, is the British Museum, the biggest museum in London. The museum is famous for its library — one of the richest in the world. All London's long-past history is told by its streets. There are many streets in London which are known all over the world. Among them Oxford Street, Downing Street and a lot of others can be mentioned. And tourists are usually attracted not only by the places of interest but by the streets too.

The warm currents of the Atlantic Ocean influence the climate of Great Britain. Winters are not severely cold and

summers are rarely hot.

In conclusion I should say if you are lucky enough to find yourself in London some day you will have a lot to see and enjoy there.

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Education in England

All state schools in Britain are free, and schools provide their pupils with books and equipment for their studies. Nine million children attend 35.000 schools in Britain. Education is compulsory from 5 to 16 years. Parents can choose to send their children to a nursery school or a pre- school playground to prepare them for the start of compulsory education. Children starts primary school at 5 and continue until they are 11. Most children are thought together, boys and girls in the same class. At 11 most pupils go to secondary schools called comprehensives which accept a wide range of children from backgrounds and religious and ethnic groups. Ninety per cent of secondary schools in England, Scotland and Wales are co-educational.

At 16 pupils take a national exam called`` G.C.S.E.``(General Certificate of Secondary Education) and then they can leave school if they wish. This is the end of compulsory education.

Some 16-years –old continue their studies in the sixth form at school or at a size form college. The six form prepares pupils for a national exam called`` A`` level (advanced level) at 18. You need ``A `` level to enter a university. Other 16 –years- old choose to go to a college or further education to study for more practical diplomas relating to the world of work, such as hairdressing, typing of mechanics.

Universities and colleges of higher education accept students witt``A`` levels from18. Students study for a degree which takes on average three years of full-time study. Most students graduate at 21 or 22 and are given their degree at a special graduation ceremony.

Text 20

Holidays, traditions and customs in England

It is not a secret that every nation and every country have its own customs and traditions.

Christmas

On the 25th of December there is the greatest holiday of all in England – Christmas. People buy a Christmas tree and decorate it with toys. Wealth is an ornament where people hang on the front door . Father Christmas put presents in the stockings. Children wake up early to find stockings full of small presents. Rudolph is the most famous Santa Clauses reindeer of all since he leads the sleigh and has a red nose.

St. Valentine’s day

On the 14th of February there is St. Valentine’s Day. People send Valentine’s cards to someone they love. Usually they don’t sing them – you must guess who sent cards to you. Аnonymous messages may be signed simply "from a secret admirer“ or Your Valentine.

Thanksgiving Day

There is one day a year when all Americans stay home with their families and eat a big dinner. Thanksgiving Day is a harvest festival. The pilgrims celebrated the first Thanksgiving Day in the fall of 1621. The traditional meal often includes a turkey, cranberry sauce, pumpkin pie.

Independence Day

The 4th of July is Independence Day. It is the biggest national holiday in the USA. The Declaration of Independence was proclaimed in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776. Americans have holiday from work. People have day-long picnics with favorite foods. In the evening people gather to watch firework displays.

Easter day

In April or at the end of March England people celebrate Easter Day. On Easter Sunday children get chocolate eggs and rabbits. You will see colorfully decorated eggs with many traditional "Easter trees" in the garden, especially in Germany. The rabbit is probably the most popular Easter icon. The week before Easter is called Holy week and it begins with Palm Sunday. 

Halloween

On the 31st of October there is Halloween. The symbol of this holiday is "Jack o'lantern". People make it from a pumpkin. Children like Halloween parties, they put on witch’s and ghost’s dresses and knocking at the door with saying “trick or treat” in order to give some sweets.

Guy Fawkes' or Bonfire night

In England, Bonfire Night is associated with the tradition of celebrating the failure of Guy Fawkes' actions on 5 ^thof November. In this day, people burn the dummy of Guy Fawkes, made of straw, on a bonfire.

Text 21

The Problem of Environmental Protection in Great Britain

The Problem of Environmental Protection in Great Britain Environmental protection is an international issue of greatimportance and Great Britain pays much attention to it. There are nearly 500 000 protected buildings and 7000 conservation

areas of architecture of historical interest in Britain. The Government supports the work of the voluntary sector in preserving the national heritage.

Total emissions of smoke in the air have fallen by 85 per cent since 1960. Most petrol stations in Britain stock unleaded petrol. The Government is committed to the control of gases emission, which damage the ozone layer. They also contribute to the greenhouse effect, which leads to global warming and a rise in sea levels. Britain stresses the need for studying the science of climate change.

Green belts are areas where land should be left open and free from urban sprawl. The Government attaches great importance to their protection. National parks cover 9 per cent of the total land area of England and Wales. The National Rivers Authority protects island waters in England and Wales. In Scotland the River purification authorities are responsible for water pollution control. Great Britain takes care of its environment for themselves and next generations.

Text 22

Medical service in Kazakhstan

In the 1980s, Kazakhstan had about 2.100 pharmaceutical-manufacturing facilities; drugs were also available from other Soviet republics or from East European trading partners within the framework of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Since independence most such supply connections have been terminated, and many domestic pharmaceutical plants have closed, making some types of drugs virtually unavailable. As a result, vaccination of infants and children, which reached between 85 and 93 percent of the relevant age-groups in 1990, decreased sharply in the 1990s. Kazakhstan ran out of measles and tuberculosis vaccine in late 1991, and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that more than 20 percent of children were not receiving basic vaccinations in 1992.

Private medical practice is permitted in general medicine and in some specialized fields; private surgical practice is forbidden, as is private treatment of cancer, tuberculosis, venereal disease, pregnancy and infectious diseases. Some types of private practice have been introduced directly into the state clinics, creating a confusing situation in which identical procedures are performed by the same personnel, some for state fees and others for higher private fees. A substantial unofficial market has developed in the distribution of hospital supplies; patients often are expected to pay for the bandages, anesthesia, and other materials and services required for the “free” treatment received at medical facilities. Kazakhstan has no system of medical insurance.

Text 23

History of medicine

Medicine is among the most ancient of human occupations. It began as an art and gradually developed into a science over the centuries. There are 3 main stages in medicine development: Medicine of Ancient Civilizations, Medicine of Middle Ages and Modern Medicine.Early man, like the animals, was subject to illness and death. At that time medical actions were mostly a part of ceremonial rituals. The medicine-man practiced magic to help people who were ill or had a wound. New civilizations, which developed from early tribes, began to study the human body, its anatomic composition. Magic still played an important part intreating but new practical methods were also developing. The early Indians, e, g., set fractures and practiced aromatherapy. The Chinese were pioneers of immunization and acupuncture. The contribution of the Greeks in medicine was enormous. An early leader in Greek medicine was Aesculapius. His daughters, Hygeia and I Panacea gave rise to dynasties of healers (curative medicine) and by gienists (preventive medicine), The division in I curative and preventive medicine is true today. The ethical principles of a physician were summarized by another Greek, Hippocrates. They are known as Hippocrates Oath. The next stage of Medicine's development was the Middle Ages. A very important achievement of that time was the hospital. The first ones appeared in the 15-th century in Oriental countries and later in Europe. Another advance I of the Middle Ages was the foundation of universities during 13—14-th centuries. Among other disciplines students could study medicine. During 18-th century new discoveries were made in chemistry, anatomy, biology, other sciences. The advances of that time were invention of the stethoscope (by Rene Laennec), vaccination for smallpox, discovery of anesthetics and development of immunology and scientific surgery.

The next century is rise of bacteriology. Important discoveries were made by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. The development of scientific bacteriology made possible advances in surgery: using antiseptics and control of wound infection.

Medicine in the 20-th century made enormous contribution in the basic medical sciences. These are discovery of blood groups and vitamins, invention of insulin and penicillin, practice of plastic surgery and transplantation.

Hippocrates-“The Father of medicine”

Hippocrates was born in 460 B.C. on the island of Cos. He was the son of a

doctor. Hippocrates studied medicine and then he went from town where he practiced the art of medicine. It is known that he drove out the page from Athens by lighting fires in the strect of the city.

Hippocrates was known as an excellent doctor and a teacher of medicine. He Hippocrates estab shed medical schools in Athens and in other towns. He wrote several books and many case histories. Hippocrates taught his pupils to examine the patient very attentively and to give him quick help. He created medicine on the basis of experience. He taught that every disease was natural process and it had natural causes. Hippocrates treated disease by exercise, massage, salt water baths, diet and suitable medicine. He observed diseases such a pneumonia, tuberculosis and malaria and added to the medical language such words as chrome, crisis, relapse and convalescence.

Hippocrates made medicine an art, a scence and a profession. Hippocrates is the most famous of all the Greek doctors. He is often called “the father of medicine” and some of his ideas are still important.

Doctors in many countries take the Hippocratic Oath, It is a collection of promises, written by Hippocrates, which forms the basis of the medical code of honor.

The oath of Hippocrates contains many of his basic thoughts and principles.

Text 24

Our college

There are four good educational buildings in our college. Its graduates are considered to be the most highly trained specialists in the region. There are some departments in our college. I would like to tell you about them. “Nursing Affair” gives qualification of a nurse of general practice. A medical nurse is a chief assistant of a doctor. She provides uninterrupted medical health, including preventive and rehabilitation measures. Our graduates work in the polyclinics, hospitals, kindergartens, schools, and houses for aged people.

If you want to become a medical assistant, you should study at the “Curative Affair” department. A medical assistant of general practice is a highly-trained specialist who works independently in the policlinics, emergency ambulances and hospitals. His main task includes prescription and performance of preventive, curative and diagnostic measures. The graduates of this department are waited for at the stations of emergency medical help, in the country-side hospitals and in the military hospitals.

Boys and girls whose future profession is dentist study at the “Stomatology”.A dentist is a highly-trained specialist who works independently or under the guidance of a senior doctor who provides preventive and curative medical help for the population.

If you want to be a pharmaceutist you should study at the “Pharmacy” department. This profession is provided the population with different medicines. The pharmaceutist work will demand the knowledge of preventive rules, the rules of herb’s preparation and so on. The graduates of this department will be able to work in the chemist’s, pharmacological enterprises, laboratories.

Text 25

SportinOurLife

People all over the world are fond of sports and games.Sport makes people healthy, keeps them fit, more organized and better disciplined.It unites people of different classes and nationalities. Many people do sports on their personal initiative. They go in for skiing, skating, table tennis, swimming, volley-ball, football, body-building, etc.

All necessary facilities are provided for them: stadiums, sport grounds, swimming pools, skating rinks, skiing stations, football fields.Sport is paid much attention to in our educational establishments. Gymnastics is a part of children's daily activities in the kindergartens. Physical culture is compulsory subject at schools and colleges.Professional sport is also paid much attention to in our country. In city, where I live, there are different sporting societies, clubs and complexes.Practically all kinds of sports are popular in our country, but football, gymnastics and tennis enjoy the greatest popularity. As for me, I go in for table tennis (ping-pong). It needs mobility, liveliness and much energy. It keeps a person in a good form. I have been playing tennis for five years, but the more I play, the more I like it. I get a real joy taking part in competitions or simply playing with my friends. Sometimes, I go to tennis courts.

Certainly, there's a great distance between my manner of playing and such favourites as Jim Courier, Stephan Edberg, Pete Sampras, Boris Becker, Per Korda, but I do my training with great pleasure and hope to play as well as our best players do. 

Text 26

Medical service in England

In Britain there is a National Health Service (the NHS), which is paid for by taxes and national insurance, and in general people do not have to pay for medical treatment. Every person is registered with a doctor in their local area, known as a general practitioner or GP. This means that the patient’s name is on the GP’s list, and the patient may make an appointment to see the doctor or may call the doctor out to him if he is ill. People sometimes have to pay part of the cost of drugs that the doctor prescribes. GPs are trained in general medicine but are not specialists in any particular subject. If a patient needs to see a specialist doctor, he must first go to his GP and then the GP will make an appointment for the patient to see a specialist at a hospital or clinic.

Although everyone in Britain can have free treatment under the NHS, it is also possible to have treatment done privately, for which one has to pay. Some people have private health insurance to help them to pay for private treatment. Under the NHS people who need to go to hospital may have to wait for a long time on a waiting list for their treatment. If they pay for the treatment, they will probably get it more quickly. Anyone who is very ill can call an ambulance and get taken to hospital for free urgent medical treatment. Ambulances are a free service in Britain.

Text 27

Pregnancy

Pregnancy is a period of excitement, expectancy and a bit of fear and nervousness for the future mother. It should be an exciting experience, and for that, love and consideration of the family as well as knowledge of what changes are taking place in the body and what to expect, is important.

The first 3 months of pregnancy are important because during this period the baby's organs, like brain, heart, kidneys, limbs, eyes and ears are being formed. Avoid any medicine during this period. Some medicines can be harmful to the growing baby and so no medicines, particularly pills for sickness, headaches and anxiety should be taken without the advice of the doctor.

The normal time the baby is in the mother's womb is about 40 weeks — 9 months and 1 week, but a few days earlier or later is within the range of normality. A baby who is born earlier than his time is called premature.

Text 28

Proteins, minerals, vitamins

Protein is a component of everybody cell and important for building the maternal blood supply. Protein also is necessary for fetal hair, skin, muscle, nerve tissue and brain development. Women need approximately 10 more grams of protein daily- a total of 60 grams a day-during the pregnancy.

Minerals.Calcium and phosphorus are important minerals in fetal-bone development; a pregnant woman requires 1.200 mg of calcium and phosphorus daily. This is 50 increases over what a woman needed before she become pregnant.

Dairy products are excellent sources of both calcium and phosphorus, as well as of vitamin D which is necessary for calcium absorption.

Zink is another mineral needed for fetal growth and development. Good food sources of zinc include meat, liver, eggs, seafood.

Iron builds maternal blood volume and fetal blood and muscle. Many women enter pregnancy with low iron stores, resulting in anemia. Foods rich in iron include red meat, especially, liver, raisins and fortified breads and cereals.

Vitamins.Folic acid is a vitamin important in protein metabolism, particularly in periods of rapid growth. Pregnant women should start the day with a good breakfast. Fortified ready-to eats cereal with milk and a glass of orange juice will provide at least half needs. Green leafy vegetables, liver and lentils are other good sources of folic acid.

Text 29

Solution

Any chemically and physically homogeneous mixture of two more substances issaid to be a solution. It is possible to have solution of solids in liquids, liquids inliquids, gases in liquids, solids in solids, etc.

Depending upon the size of the dispersed particles we recognize true solutions,colloidal solutions and suspensions.

If sugar is dissolved in water and the ultimate sugar particle is of moleculardimensions, then a true solution is formed. On the other hand, if very fine sand ismixed with water, consisting of many molecules, then a colloidal solution isformed.

From the pharmaceutical point of view solutions of solids in liquids are of thegreatest importance.

The extent of solubility of different substances varies, but it has a constant value at constant temperature.

At a Chemist`s

As you know on receiving a prescription from a doctor or on following a home treatment all of us need medicines which are ordered or bought at a chemist's.

There are usually two departments in a large chemist's. At the chemist's department one can have the medicine immediately, other drugs have to be ordered at the prescription department.

At any chemist's all the drugs are kept in drug cabinets. Every small bottle , a tube or a box of medicine has a label on it. White labels indicate drugs for internal use, yellow ones indicate drugs for external use and blue ones indicate drugs used for injections. The dose to be Jaken and the directions for the administration are also indicated on a label. Indicating the dose and the name of any medicine is necessary for chemists, nurses, doctors and patients themselves. It prevents confusing different remedies, some of which are poisonous. Their over dosage may cause unfavourable reactions and sometimes even death.

Text 30

Teeth

The first teeth erupt between 6 to 9 month. These are the lower central incisors. The gums looka bit swollen for a few days and then tiny white spot appears, which is the tooth. Over the next 3-4 months the teeth erupt with great rapidly the lower central pair, the upper central pair and then two more on eithers side in the lower and upper jaws- making a total of 8 incisors. The rest of the teeth erupt in the manner shown in the table below, tillthe baby has 20 teeth.

1)Central incisors 6to 9 months

2) Lateral incisors 8 to 12 months

3) First moral 12 to 18 months months

4) Cuspids 16 to 20 months

5) Second moral 20 to 30 months

The entire set of 20 teeth erupt by the age of 2,5 years. These are primary teeth.

Text 31

The healthy way of life

People nowadays are more health-conscious than they used to be. They understand that good health is above wealth.

To be healthy we should avoid different bad habits that can affect our health. In my opinion, smoking and drinking too much alcohol are the worst ones. It's common knowledge that smoking and drinking can shorten our lives dramatically. Smoking, for example, causes a number of heart and lung diseases such as pneumonia, cough and cancer. Besides, it makes your teeth yellow and skin unhealthy. Fortunately, in recent years smoking has received a lot of bad publicity, and fewer people smoke nowadays. Some companies don't employ people who are smokers. Smoking has been banned in most public places because everyone agrees it does harm to our health. As for me, I don't smoke, because I don't want to have unhealthy skin and teeth.

Smoking and drinking are joined by less dangerous habits such as skipping meals, eating unhealthy food or even overeating. Of course, they are not quite as deadly as smoking or drinking alcohol, but they affect our health.

If we eat too much, we'll become obese, and obesity leads to serious diseases. A lot of people like drinking Coca-Cola and coffee and enjoy pizzas and hamburgers. But what is tasty is not always healthy. Fast food makes you fat, that is why the Americans are the fattest people in the world.

In recent years eating habits have undergone a change. People are encouraged to eat less fat and more fibre. Fat is believed to be one of the major causes of obesity and heart disease. High fibre foods and low fat foods can now be found in all shops and supermarkets. Salads, beans, and fruit have taken the place of steak and ice-cream. The fashion for healthy food is growing all the time.

Many people feel they are too fat, even if their doctors disagree. And a lot of people try to improve their fitness. There are lot of ways to lose weight and avoid gaining it. Perhaps, the most popular of them is following a diet. If you want to lose weight, you should cut out snacks and desserts and cut down on fat. People have also become more aware of calories, the energy value of food. Some people count the number of calories they eat every day, so that they can try take in fewer calories and lose weight. This is called a calorie-controlled diet. Manufacturers are increasingly producing special foods with fewer calories for slimmers.

But excessive dieting may be dangerous, too. Some people refuse to eat meat as they consider it harmful. They say a vegetarian diet reduces the risk of cancer and vegetarians live longer that others. I can't agree with them because meat is an excellent source of good nutrition. In my opinion, it's wrong to put down a food simply because excessive amounts can cause health problems. Consumed in moderate amounts, meat is perfectly good for our health.

Text 32

Diet

Our eating habits affect our health. If a person has no breakfast, or poor breakfast he feels tired or cross and hungry till lunch. Food is a form of fuel. It gives us energy, helps us to grow, resist disease and form strong teeth and bones.

Different foods do different things for the body. If a person wants to be in good health he must be careful about his meals and diet.

Diet should contain everything sufficient to supply the needs of the body. People of physical work need more food than and form strong teeth and bones. It is important to know that a diet must consist of proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, water and vitamins.

In the hospital the doctor usually prescribes the diet for every patient. A person with high temperature and poor appetite needs caloric diet. You can treat many diseases by diet.

Fatness

Excess weight is a global problem of 70% of the population. The main cause of obesity is a wrong way of life. There are many aspects that affect the mass of a person: insomnia, stressful situations, lack of physical activity, impaired metabolism and heredity. But first of all, we need to consider what we eat. Fast food, a cafe, food from the street, constant snacks are very unhealthy. We rarely pay attention to the composition of products, and in fact they contain a lot of chemical additives.

Fatness is a serious illness. Fatty deposits accumulate and prevent to lead a comfortable life. Extra pounds are the cause of many chronic diseases, important body functions are violated. Great weight weighs on the joints, there are problems with the heart, diabetes.

Many people keep a variety of diets, in the fight against obesity. As a result, there is a rapid process of losing weight, but soon the kilograms are returned in larger quantities. Anorexia and bulimia are psychological diseases associated with obesity. There are complexes about appearance and fat people begin to exhaust themselves with diets, hunger strikes, which leads to serious complications.

Fatness among children is also a huge problem, the causes of which are unhealthy food. Therefore, many people propose to prohibit children eating at school.

Сontents/Мазмұны

Text 1. Kazakhstan. Geographical position. Population………4

Text 2. Astana is the capital of Kazakhstan………………..….7

Text 3. Almaty is the largest city of Kazakhstan………...……8

Text 4. Political system of Kazakhstan. President, Government and parliament……………………………………………...…8

Text 5. History of Kazakhstan……………………………......11

Text 6. Flora and Fauna and seasons in Kazakhstan…………12

Text 7. Education in Kazakhstan………….………………….14

Text 8. Traditions, holidays and customs in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan Мeals…………………………….………………15

Text 9. The most popular Kazakh writers……………………17

Text 10. The Famous actors, singers in Kazakhstan….……...18

Text 11. Economy of Kazakhstan……………...…………….20

Text 12. Art of Kazakhstan. Kazakh National Music….…….22

Text 13. Computerization of Kazakhstan…………............….23

Text 14. Preservation of cultural heritage of Kazakhstan.…..25

Text 15. Travelling. Types of tourism. The famous travelers. Popular tourist routes………………………...……………….26

Text 16. Means of communication…………………..……….28

Text 17. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Geographical position. Population………………..…29

Text 18. London........……………………………………..….30

Text 19. Education in England…………………..…………..31

Text 20. Holidays, traditions and customs in England…….....32

Text 21. The Problem of Environmental Protection in Great Britain………………………………………………………...34

Text 22. Medical service in Kazakhstan……………….…….35

Text 23. History of Medicine. Hippocrates……..……………36

Text 24. Our college……………..…………………………...39

Text 25. Sport in our life………………….………………….40

Text 26. Medical service in England………….………..….....41

Text 27. Pregnancy.………………………..………………....42

Text 28. Protein, minerals, vitamins.…………..……………..42

Text 29. Solution. At a chemist`s……………..……………...43

Text 30. Teeth………………………………..…………….....44

Text 31. The healthy way of life……………………….…….45

Text 32. Diet. Fatness…………………..…………………….47

Әдебиеттер/Literature

1. Косович П.В. Some facts about Kazakhstan. – Астана; СПб.,2002. – 136 с.

2. Сейдимбек А.С. Казахский язык. Универсальный справочник для старшеклассников и студентов. – Алматы, 2003. – 134 с.

3. Интернет ресурстары.

4. 400 тем по английскому языку для школьников, К37 абитуриентов, студентов и преподавателей. /Сост. Ю. В. Куриленко. - Москва: ЗАО «БАО-ПРЕСС», ООО «ИД «РИПОЛ классик», 2005. - 608 с.

5. Английский язык для мед. колледжей и училищ; учебное пособие/ Л.Г. Козырева, Т.В. Шадская. - Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2010.-329, (Среднее медицинское образование)

6. К.Н.Качалова «Практическая грамматика английского языка». 2011 г.

7. С.А.Беленкова, Human Body. English text-book for medical students.