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Theme: Modals 2. (possibility, probability, certainty)

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1. What are Modal Verbs? Modal verbs are "helper" verbs that provide additional meaning to the main verb. They are unique because: •They never change form : No "-s", "-ed", or "- ing" (e.g., "He can," not "He cans"). •They are followed by a base verb : Always use the infinitive without "to" (e.g., "I must go," not "I must to go"). •They express attitude: They tell us if something is certain, possible, or required.

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2. Ability and Possibility: Can vs. Could Modal Use Case Example Can General ability in the present. "I can speak three languages." Could Ability in the past or a polite request. "I could swim when I was five." / "Could you help me?"

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3. Permission and Probability: May vs. Might May: Used for formal permission or a strong possibility. Permission: "May I leave the room?" Probability: "It may rain later today." (50% chance) Might: Used for a slight, remote possibility. It is "weaker" than may. Probability: "If I win the lottery, I might buy a boat." (Low chance)

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4. Obligation and Necessity: Must vs. Should Modal Intensity Usage Example Must Strong A command, a requirement , or a law. "You must wear a seatbelt." Should Medium Advice, suggestions, or "the right thing to do." "You should eat more vegetable s."

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5. Quick Comparison Table Function Modals Used Example Ability Can, Could "She can code in Python." Permission Can, May, Could "May I use your phone?" Probability May, Might, Could, Must "He must be tired after that flight." Advice Should "You should see a doctor." Obligation Must "We must submit the report by Friday."

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6. Summary Tips •Don't double up: Never use two modals together (e.g., I might can go is incorrect). •Negative Forms: Most take "not" directly (Cannot/Can't, Must not/Mustn't, Should not/Shouldn't). •Context is King: The "mood" of your sentence changes entirely based on which modal you choose!

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