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Searching and using the literature as evidence. Citation styles APA2022

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2022 Literature searches should be systematic, transparent and reproducible to minimise 'dissemination biases'. These may affect the results of reviews and include publication bias and database bias. A flexible approach to the search for evidence should be adopted, guided by the subject of the question and type of evidence sought. When the guideline is an update, the approach can also be informed by searches for the existing guideline and subsequent surveillance review.

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2 0 2 2• tailoring the search approach to the eligibility or inclusion criteria of the review question, as specified in the review protocol • selecting appropriate sources according to the eligibility or inclusion criteria of the review question, as specified in the review protocol • using additional search techniques, such as citation searching, as appropriate • continuous review of how best to find evidence and where. Searching includes:

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• search approach, tailored to the review question • sources to be searched (see the section on sources) • plans to use any additional or alternative search techniques, when known at the protocol development stage, and the reasons for their use • limits to be applied to the search. 2022Search protocols Search protocols pre‑define how the evidence is identified and provide a basis for developing the search strategies. Search protocols should include the following elements:

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Searches should include a mix of bibliographic databases, websites and other sources depending on the subject of the review question and the type of evidence sought. For most searches there will be key sources that should be prioritised, and other potentially relevant sources that could be considered. It is important to ensure adequate coverage of the relevant literature and to search a range of sources, but there should be clear reasons, with only those likely to yield relevant results included.Sources

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Searches should be limited to studies reported in English. When there are likely to be animal studies in the evidence base, these can be excluded from the search results in some databases. Limiting searches by date will depend on the topic and the nature of the evidence base (for example, when most of the research was published). When the guideline is an update, searches may be limited by date, but only if appropriate (for example, the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the update are the same as for the existing guideline).Limits and filters

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The clearest identifying characteristic of any citation style is how the citations in the text are presented. There are three main approaches:

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Search strategies should usually consist of a combination of subject headings and 'free‑text' terms from the titles and abstracts of relevant studies. When identifying subject headings, variations in thesaurus and indexing terms for each database should be taken into account: for example, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) in MEDLINE, Emtree in Embase. Not all databases will have indexing terms and some databases will contain records which have not yet been indexed. Also, not all search concepts will have a subject heading, so free-text terms should also be used. Identifying search terms

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• Parenthetical citations: You include identifying details of the source in parentheses in the text—usually the author’s last name and the publication date, plus a page number if relevant (author-date). Sometimes the publication date is omitted (author-page). • Numerical citations: You include a number in brackets or in superscript, which corresponds to an entry in your numbered reference list. • Note citations: You include a full citation in a footnote or endnote, which is indicated in the text with a superscript number or symbol.Sources

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Citation styles also differ in terms of how you format the reference list or bibliography entries themselves (e.g., capitalization, order of information, use of italics). And many style guides also provide guidance on more general issues like text formatting, punctuation, and numbers. APA Style is defined by the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. It was designed for use in psychology, but today it’s widely used across various disciplines, especially in the social sciences. APA

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Sometimes, the choice of citation style may be left up to you. In those cases, you can base your decision on which citation styles are commonly used in your field. Try reading other articles from your discipline to see how they cite their sources. WAR 202 2

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Thank you your attention for

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