DEVELOPMENT OF MANAGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT THEORIES

Құдайберген А.А.

7М01705-Шет тілі: екі шет тілі

Қазақ Ұлттық Қыздар Педагогикалық Университеті (Алматы, Қазақстан)

Annotation

This article analyzes the formation and historical development of the science of management and management. The main schools and directions of management theory are considered and their importance in the organization's activities is determined. The main management concepts such as scientific management, administrative management, bureaucratic model and theory of human relations will also be described. In the course of the research, the factors influencing the effectiveness of the management system are analyzed, and the features of the development of modern management are considered.

Keywords: management, management theory, organization, management efficiency, management system.

Аңдатпа

Бұл мақалада басқару және менеджмент ғылымының қалыптасуы мен тарихи дамуы талданады. Басқару теориясының негізгі мектептері мен бағыттары қарастырылып, олардың ұйым қызметіндегі маңызы анықталады. Сонымен қатар басқарудың ғылыми менеджмент, әкімшілік басқару, бюрократиялық модель және адам қатынастары теориясы сияқты негізгі концепциялары сипатталады. Зерттеу барысында басқару жүйесінің тиімділігіне әсер ететін факторлар талданып, қазіргі менеджменттің даму ерекшеліктері қарастырылады.

Кілт сөздер: менеджмент, басқару теориясы, ұйым, басқару тиімділігі, басқару жүйесі.

Аннотация

В данной статье анализируется становление и историческое развитие науки управления и менеджмента. Рассматриваются основные школы и направления теории управления и определяется их значение в деятельности организации. Также будут описаны основные концепции управления, такие как научный менеджмент, административное управление, бюрократическая модель и теория человеческих отношений. В ходе исследования анализируются факторы, влияющие на эффективность системы управления, рассматриваются особенности развития современного менеджмента.

Ключевые слова: менеджмент, теория управления, организация, эффективность управления, система управления.

In the modern era of globalization, the issue of management is becoming especially important. The effective functioning of organizations, enterprises and state institutions directly depends on a properly organized management system. Management is a complex social process that ensures the Coordination of joint activities of people, the effective use of resources and the achievement of established goals.

Management as a science was formed in the late XIX and early XX centuries. The rapid development of industry, the enlargement of enterprises and the complication of the division of labor required the introduction of scientific management methods. During this period, the first schools of management theory appeared, which proposed various ways to effectively organize the organization's activities.

Many scientists have contributed to the development of management theory. Their research formed the basis for the formation of Modern Management Science. Especially widely developed areas of scientific organization of production, administrative principles of management, systematization of the structure of the organization and the study of the human factor.

Scientific management theory

The theory of scientific management is considered one of the first and most important areas of management science. One of the founders of this direction is Frederick Winslow Taylor. His research was devoted to the problems of increasing labor productivity in production, the effective organization of the workflow and the formation of management on a scientific basis. Taylor, studying the management system in industrial enterprises, found that traditional experimental management methods cannot fully ensure production efficiency.

The scientist believed that it was necessary to analyze the labor process from a scientific point of view. To this end, he used methods for the study of time and motion. These methods made it possible to analyze each work Operation piece by piece, identify redundant actions and establish the most effective way to perform work. Such an approach not only increased labor productivity, but also contributed to reducing production costs.

According to Taylor, there must be a clear distinction between management and executive work. Managers should be engaged in planning, organizing and controlling the production process, and workers should pay attention to the performance of their professional duties. The scientist also noted that it is important to select employees on a scientific basis, form a system of special training and effective incentives for them. In his opinion, increasing the material interest of workers has a direct impact on the result of Labor [p.1, 45].

The basic principles of scientific management theory include:

1. scientific analysis of labor processes;

2. standardization of work operations;

3. increase labor productivity;

4. professional training and training of employees;

5. clear distribution of management and execution functions.

This theory had a significant impact on the development of production management. The ideas of scientific management have been applied at many enterprises and have made it possible to increase production efficiency. Also, this direction formed the basis for the formation of Modern Management Science and influenced the development of subsequent management theories.

School of administrative management

One of the scientists who made a significant contribution to the development of management theory is Henri Fayol. He considered management as a universal process inherent in any organization. Fayol emphasized that management is a common activity not only for industrial enterprises, but also for state institutions, educational organizations and other social structures. His works greatly contributed to the formation of Management Science.

The scientist explains the management process through several basic functions. He identified five main management functions:

• planning;

• organization;

• management;

• coordination;

• control.

These functions allow you to systematically organize the activities of the organization. Planning is aimed at defining the goals of the organization and setting future actions. The organizational function allows you to effectively allocate the necessary resources, form a structure and determine the tasks of employees. Guiding helps guide the work of employees and increase their motivation. Coordination ensures the joint work of various departments in the organization. And control evaluates the results of the organization's activities and determines the level of achievement of the planned goals [2, p.21].

Fayol also proposed general principles of management. He identified 14 basic principles of management. Among them are such important principles as the division of labor, authority and responsibility, discipline, one guiding principle, the level of centralization, justice, and employee stability. These principles are aimed at improving the efficiency of the management system in the organization.

According to Fayol, a properly organized management system ensures the sustainable development of the organization. Managers need to build effective relationships with employees and make fair decisions. At the same time, discipline and responsibility within the organization directly affect the quality of work.

The school of administrative management had a great influence on the development of modern management theory. The management functions proposed by Fayol are still used in many organizations today. This theory has made an important contribution to the systematic and scientific development of Management Science.

Bureaucratic management theory

The German sociologist who scientifically studied the structure of the organization is Max Weber. He proposed a bureaucratic management model and substantiated the most important principles of the effective organization of the organization's activities. According to Weber, in order for any organization to work stably and efficiently, it must rely on clear rules, a systematic structure and a formal management procedure.

The scientist described a rational model of organization management and noted that the effectiveness of the management system depends on the level of its organization. According to his theory, it is necessary that all employees in the Organization Act in accordance with certain rules and tasks. This ensures the stability of the organization's work and reduces the influence of subjective factors in the management process.

The main features of bureaucratic management proposed by Weber are the following:

• clear distribution of services;

• hierarchical management structure;

• availability of official rules and instructions;

• professional competence of employees.

A clear distribution of services allows you to more effectively organize the work process, defining the tasks of each employee. The hierarchical structure determines the levels of power and responsibility in the organization. Official rules and guidelines regulate the actions of employees and ensure the stability of the management system. And the professional competence of employees contributes to improving the quality of the organization's activities.

This model allows you to maintain order within the organization, systematize the management process and clarify the order of decision-making. It also strengthens objectivity in management and creates conditions for a fair distribution of responsibilities between employees [3, p.56].

Weber's bureaucratic theory has been widely used in Public Administration Systems, large corporations, and administrative structures. His ideas play an important role in understanding the management system of modern organizations. Today, in many organizations, the management structure is built on the basis of the elements of this model.

Theory of human relations

In the first half of the XX century, a new direction was formed in management science – the theory of human relations. This direction showed the need to take into account in production management not only technical and economic factors, but also social and psychological aspects. A great contribution to the development of this theory was made by the American researcher Elton Mayo.

Mayo's research, especially Hawthorne's experiments, made it possible to comprehensively analyze the factors that affect the productivity of workers. The results of the study showed that labor efficiency depends not only on the amount of wages or working conditions. The relationship between employees, the psychological climate in the team, the support provided by the manager and the awareness of the importance of their work by employees directly contribute to the result of work [4, p.73].

According to this theory, it is necessary to consider employees as an important part of the organization. A positive atmosphere in the team increases the motivation of people to work and contributes to their active participation in achieving the goals of the organization. At the same time, listening to the opinions of employees, involving them in the decision-making process and building mutual trust will increase management efficiency.

The theory of Human Relations showed the importance of taking into account the social needs of employees in the management system. This direction is aimed at developing the culture of the organization, increasing the motivation of employees and increasing the level of their satisfaction with work. In modern management, this theory has become the basis for the development of such areas as human resource management, leadership and teamwork.

Modern management theories

At the present stage, the science of management is replenished with new directions. Organizations began to use flexible management methods to adapt to the changing environment. A great contribution to the development of this direction was made by the famous scientist Peter Drucker.

Drucker believed that the main task of management is to ensure the effective functioning of the organization. He studied such important aspects of management as strategic planning, goal setting and evaluation of results. The method of "management by goal" introduced by the scientist allows you to focus the work of the organization's employees on specific results [5, p.112].

An important place in modern management is occupied by innovation, leadership, teamwork and the use of digital technologies. This contributes to increasing the competitiveness of organizations.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the science of management has undergone a long and important historical development. The theories introduced at different stages helped explain different aspects of management practice. Scientific management was aimed at increasing efficiency and productivity in production processes, and administrative management contributed to the systematization of the organizational structure and functions. Bureaucratic theory ensured order, stability and clear rules in organizations, while human relations theory emphasized the importance of social needs and interpersonal relationships of employees.

Effective management at the present stage is based on the balanced and integrated application of these theoretical approaches. Therefore, the study of management science remains important for ensuring the Sustainable Development and long-term success of modern organizations.

References:

1. Taylor F. W. The Principles of Scientific Management. – New York: Harper & Brothers, 1911.

2. Fayol H. General and Industrial Management. – London: Pitman Publishing, 1949.

3. Weber M. Economy and Society. – Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.

4. Mayo E. The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization. – Boston: Harvard University Press, 1933.

5. Drucker P. Management: Tasks, Responsibilities, Practices. – New York: Harper & Row, 1973.