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Neologisms: word
building
Bidakhmet Elnur
7
th
grade
Kainazar № 1 secondary school
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Neologisms: word building Bidakhmet Elnur 7 th grade Kainazar № 1 secondary school
2 слайд
CONTENTS
Introduction
Chapter I
1. Neologism, its definition, development and cultural acceptance
1.1 Introductory information, links with other sciences
1.2 History and the development of neologisms
Chapter II
2. Ways of forming words and the analysis of 35 top neologisms
2.1 Classification of word-building means
2.2 The overview of the sources of neologisms
2.3 The top 35 neologisms and their analysis
Conclusion
The list of the used literature
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CONTENTS Introduction Chapter I 1. Neologism, its definition, development and cultural acceptance 1.1 Introductory information, links with other sciences 1.2 History and the development of neologisms Chapter II 2. Ways of forming words and the analysis of 35 top neologisms 2.1 Classification of word-building means 2.2 The overview of the sources of neologisms 2.3 The top 35 neologisms and their analysis Conclusion The list of the used literature
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Introduction
There is no doubt that the English language today is the most
widely used language for international communication. Words
and expressions are born, live for a short time and then die or find
their place in our vocabulary according to the temporary or
permanent nature of the phenomena they describe.
So this work does a research into all word - forming means to
determine the most productive ways of forming new words that
appeared in the eighties, nineties and in the beginning of the XXI
century. They are registered on www.wordspy.com as 35 top
neologisms.
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Introduction There is no doubt that the English language today is the most widely used language for international communication. Words and expressions are born, live for a short time and then die or find their place in our vocabulary according to the temporary or permanent nature of the phenomena they describe. So this work does a research into all word - forming means to determine the most productive ways of forming new words that appeared in the eighties, nineties and in the beginning of the XXI century. They are registered on www.wordspy.com as 35 top neologisms.
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1. Neologism, its definition, development and
1.1 Introductory information, links with other sciences
«Neologism: Neologisms are «words that have appeared in a language
in connection with new phenomena, new concepts, but which have not yet
entered into the active vocabularies of a significant portion of the native
speakers of the language».
«A neologism is the term used to describe a word that has been made-
up or invented by a speaker, which appears in a transcript of spontaneous
speech dialogue. It can also be described as a word which does not appear
in the dictionary of the primary spoken language, but which is also not a
foreign word».
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1. Neologism, its definition, development and 1.1 Introductory information, links with other sciences «Neologism: Neologisms are «words that have appeared in a language in connection with new phenomena, new concepts, but which have not yet entered into the active vocabularies of a significant portion of the native speakers of the language». «A neologism is the term used to describe a word that has been made- up or invented by a speaker, which appears in a transcript of spontaneous speech dialogue. It can also be described as a word which does not appear in the dictionary of the primary spoken language, but which is also not a foreign word».
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1.2 History and the development of neolo
gisms
As a literary concept and term, neologism appeared in
the early 18th century, at the time when the neoclassical
practices of the French Generation of 1660 began to
consolidate, throughout Europe, into a body of normative
teaching.
The old meaning of neologism is synonymous with
«barbarism», «gallicism» (in English), «anglicism» (in
French), and even «archaism». It is opposed to «purism».
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1.2 History and the development of neolo gisms As a literary concept and term, neologism appeared in the early 18th century, at the time when the neoclassical practices of the French Generation of 1660 began to consolidate, throughout Europe, into a body of normative teaching. The old meaning of neologism is synonymous with «barbarism», «gallicism» (in English), «anglicism» (in French), and even «archaism». It is opposed to «purism».
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2. Ways of forming words and the analysis of 20 top
neologisms
2.1 Classification of word-building means
As the aim of our work is to investigate the problem of neologisms, and ways of their
forming, we will overview the word-building means.
To Class I belong the means of building words having one motivating base. To give an
English example, the noun CATCHER is composed of the base CATCH - and the suffix - ER,
through the combination of which it is morphologically and semantically motivated.
The basic means in word-derivation are affixation and conversion.
Class II includes the means of building words containing more than one motivating base.
Needless to say, they are all based on compounding (country-club, door - hande).
This type of word building, in which new words are produced by combining two or more
stems, is one of the most productive types in Modern English, the other two are conversion
and affixation.
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2. Ways of forming words and the analysis of 20 top neologisms 2.1 Classification of word-building means As the aim of our work is to investigate the problem of neologisms, and ways of their forming, we will overview the word-building means. To Class I belong the means of building words having one motivating base. To give an English example, the noun CATCHER is composed of the base CATCH - and the suffix - ER, through the combination of which it is morphologically and semantically motivated. The basic means in word-derivation are affixation and conversion. Class II includes the means of building words containing more than one motivating base. Needless to say, they are all based on compounding (country-club, door - hande). This type of word building, in which new words are produced by combining two or more stems, is one of the most productive types in Modern English, the other two are conversion and affixation.
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Shortenings are produced in two different ways. The first is
to make a new word form a syllable (rarer two) of the original
word. The latter may lose its beginning (as in phone made from
telephone), its ending (as in hols - holydays, ad -
advertisement) or both the beginning and ending (as in flu-
influenza). The second way of shortening is to make a new
word form the initial letters (similar to acronimy) of a word
group: U.N.O. from the United Nations Organization. This type
is called initial shortenings and found not only among
colloquialisms and slang. So, g.f. is a shortened word made
from the compound girlfriend.
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Shortenings are produced in two different ways. The first is to make a new word form a syllable (rarer two) of the original word. The latter may lose its beginning (as in phone made from telephone), its ending (as in hols - holydays, ad - advertisement) or both the beginning and ending (as in flu- influenza). The second way of shortening is to make a new word form the initial letters (similar to acronimy) of a word group: U.N.O. from the United Nations Organization. This type is called initial shortenings and found not only among colloquialisms and slang. So, g.f. is a shortened word made from the compound girlfriend.
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The other word building means can be called: blends,
blendings, fusions or portmanteau words. The process
of formation is called telescoping, because the words
seem to slide into one another like sections of a
telescope. Blends may be defined as formations that
combine two words and include the letters or sounds
they have in common as a connecting element.
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The other word building means can be called: blends, blendings, fusions or portmanteau words. The process of formation is called telescoping, because the words seem to slide into one another like sections of a telescope. Blends may be defined as formations that combine two words and include the letters or sounds they have in common as a connecting element.
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Another way of forming new words is
acronymization, as for this process, we can say,
that, because of ever closer connection between
the oral and the written forms of the language it is
sometimes difficult to differentiate clippings
formed in oral speech from graphical
abbreviations. They are becoming more employed
in oral speech and widely used in conversation.
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Another way of forming new words is acronymization, as for this process, we can say, that, because of ever closer connection between the oral and the written forms of the language it is sometimes difficult to differentiate clippings formed in oral speech from graphical abbreviations. They are becoming more employed in oral speech and widely used in conversation.
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As for semantic word - building, we can say, that
it is any change in word - meaning, for instance
the word bench - `a long seat of wood or stone'; `a
carpenter table'. The majority of the linguists,
however, understand this process only as a change
in the meaning of a word that may result in the
appearance of homonyms, as is the case with
flower - «a blossom» and flour- : the fine meal»,
«powder made form wheat and used for making
bread», etc.
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As for semantic word - building, we can say, that it is any change in word - meaning, for instance the word bench - `a long seat of wood or stone'; `a carpenter table'. The majority of the linguists, however, understand this process only as a change in the meaning of a word that may result in the appearance of homonyms, as is the case with flower - «a blossom» and flour- : the fine meal», «powder made form wheat and used for making bread», etc.
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2.3 The overview of the sources of neologisms
In our work, we are determined to define the word-building means of the new
word and the sphere of its use, we have presented the major types of word
forming way and have mentioned some spheres where they can be used and
their cultural acceptance. The top 35 neologisms were taken from the
WORDSPY site.
Wordspy.com is one of the largest sites keeping track of emerging vocabulary
of the English language. It is maintained by Paul McFedries, author of many
computer and English language books. New terms are added to the site
regularly.
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2.3 The overview of the sources of neologisms In our work, we are determined to define the word-building means of the new word and the sphere of its use, we have presented the major types of word forming way and have mentioned some spheres where they can be used and their cultural acceptance. The top 35 neologisms were taken from the WORDSPY site. Wordspy.com is one of the largest sites keeping track of emerging vocabulary of the English language. It is maintained by Paul McFedries, author of many computer and English language books. New terms are added to the site regularly.
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2.4 The top 20 neologisms and their analysis
We present the top 35 neologisms in the following table, the
data is collected in September, 2017 on Wordspy site.
Now we present the table, where words are arranged
according the popularity first of all, the earliest citation, the
short definition, the word-building type, the sphere of usage
are presented:
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2.4 The top 20 neologisms and their analysis We present the top 35 neologisms in the following table, the data is collected in September, 2017 on Wordspy site. Now we present the table, where words are arranged according the popularity first of all, the earliest citation, the short definition, the word-building type, the sphere of usage are presented:
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Culture
Food and Drink
Television
Health and Fitness
Sociology
Men and Women
Computers
Internet
Wareless
Technology
Cell Phones
The World
Politics
Science
Language
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Culture Food and Drink Television Health and Fitness Sociology Men and Women Computers Internet Wareless Technology Cell Phones The World Politics Science Language
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sheconomy (or she-conomy)
This word was coined to describe an
economic system where women have a
greater control of incomes and spending
in both households and society.
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sheconomy (or she-conomy) This word was coined to describe an economic system where women have a greater control of incomes and spending in both households and society.
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Conclusion
In our work, we tried to give a full presentation if
all aspects of such a linguistic event as neology in
connection with word building means. We
performed a complete analysis of 35 most popular
neologisms according to the word building type,
sphere of usage, to the source and time of
appearance, ability to create new forms, new notion
appearance.
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Conclusion In our work, we tried to give a full presentation if all aspects of such a linguistic event as neology in connection with word building means. We performed a complete analysis of 35 most popular neologisms according to the word building type, sphere of usage, to the source and time of appearance, ability to create new forms, new notion appearance.
