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“ SPEECH” Is a clue in terms of: - Regional accent -DialectHas features unrelated to regional variation Two people growing up in the same place, may speak different because of social factors. Has features unrelated to regional variation

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  -Different social groups -Different speech communities Speech Speech communitiescommunities Investigating language from this perspective is known as “Sociolinguistics” SOCIOLINGUISTICS 1)Anthropology 2)Sociology 3)Social Psychology 1) Investigation of language and culture 2) Role of language in organization of social groups and institutions. 3) Attitudes and perceptions are expressed, how in group and out group behaviours are identified.

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-Class -Education -Age -SexVarieties of language use by groups defined according to: Phenomenon: covert prestige Better or positive valued of speaking in social communities Ex: schoolboys attach covert prestige to forms of “bad” languages.

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• People who have leave the educational system early uses infrequent words in speech. Ex: Them boys throwed something • People who have gone to college and University have spoken language features from written language, that is why professors talk like books. The results of a study in New York, showed that: U.S  higher socioeconomic status more [r] sounds. Lower socioeconomic status, fewer [r] sounds. But in England it has the opposite social value.

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Grand parent-grandchild time span, is the most noticeable variation of age. • Recent researches have shown that: Female speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than male speakers with the same social background. An extreme version of variation according to the gender speaker, was found in the Carib Indians, where different sexes used different languages. Discuss personal feelings. They uses expressions associated with tentativeness ex: hedges(sort of), tags (isn't?) Prefer to discuss sports and news. In conversations, men used to interrupt women. Grand parent-grandchild time span, is the most noticeable variation of age. • Recent researches have shown that: Female speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than male speakers with the same social background.

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SOCIETY ETHNIC BACKGROUNDS Differences in speech AFICAN-AMERICANS Have a dialect called Black English Vernacular It is a widespread social dialect Is stigmatized as “BAD SPEECH” Ex1: Absence of the capula (forms of the verb to be), it is not standard English. “ they mine or you crazy” Ex2: The use of double negative. “ He don’t know nothing” AFICAN-AMERICANS Have a dialect called Black English Vernacular

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ID IO L E C TPersonal dialect of each individual speaker of a language. “you are w hat you say” S T Y L E Is related with the situation of use, it could be: -formal or informal writing or speaking. R E G IS T E R The level and style of a piece of writing or speech, that is usually appropriate to the situation that it is used in. JERGON Technical vocabulary associated with a specifical activity or group. Ex: technology, engineering.

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