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Lecture 1 The need and development of GIS 1. The essence of GIS 2. Stages of GIS development 3. Features of the development and use of GIS

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A geographic information system (GIS) is a multifunctional information system designed for collecting, processing, modeling and analyzing spatial data, displaying them and using them in solving computational problems, preparing and making decisions .

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The main purpose of GIS is to form knowledge about the Earth, individual territories, and terrain, as well as timely delivery of necessary and sufficient spatial data to users in order to achieve the greatest efficiency of their work.

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Pioneer period : late 50s-early 70s of the last century. During this period, in the field of information technology, work is being carried out to study new possibilities of cartography using electronic computer technology.

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This period is characterized by the development of cartography in connection with the rapid development of computer technologies: the creation and use of electronic computers in the 50s, printers, large graphic displays, surface analyzers and other peripheral devices

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Of particular importance were scientific and theoretical works in the field of geography and cartography and on the assessment of spatial relationships between geo-objects, as well as the study of quantitative methods in geography in the United States, Canada, England, Sweden (works by W. Garrison (William Garrison), T. Hagerstrand (Torsten Hagerstrand), G. McCarty (Harold McCarty), J. McHarg (Ian McHarg).

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A significant progress in the field of creating geographic information systems and the beginning of the development of geoinformatics is the development and creation of the Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS). Its history begins with the 60s of the last century and to this day this large-scale geoinformation system is being developed and maintained.

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The leading developer of GIS in Canada, or as it is called in his homeland, the "Father" of GIS is Roger Tomlinson, whose ideas and conceptual and technological developments have been successfully implemented in GIS.

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GIS scheme

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GIS Canada was intended: First of all, to study and analyze a large amount of data that was available in the Canadian Land Inventory Service (Canada Land Inventory); second, to obtain statistical data on land in order to further apply this data in the development of land management plans for large areas of land intended mainly for agriculture and forestry.

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To solve these problems, GIS developers needed to create a classification of land areas that are cultivated in the agricultural, recreational, environmental, and forestry sectors, and to map the use of these lands, taking into account their belonging to users and owners.

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It was necessary to find a system of initial cartographic and thematic geodata. In this regard, it was necessary to develop and research a completely new technology that would allow users to work with large amounts of data. At the same time, users had to be able to manage data and perform calculations

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Work with large-format plans (land and hydrographic) was carried out using a specially designed and created scanning device (device).

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The developers made a completely new decision to divide map information into thematic layers, with the information recorded in the "attribute data tables". This concept laid the foundations for separating information about the location of objects and information about these objects, with the creation of a logically connected file system.

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Canadian scientists have developed functions and algorithms for overlay operations with polygons, calculating areas and other indicators necessary for working with map information.

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Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics & Spatial Analysis) MIT since the 60s, also engaged in research in the field of GIS and had great conceptual and practical developments in the field of development of geoinformation technologies, which allowed them to be used until the 80s of the last century.

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The GIS software products of the Harvard Laboratory have become widely used in the world and have helped to lay the foundation for the development of various GIS applications. During this period, in the laboratory, Dana Tomlin developed the basics of cartographic algebra, simultaneously developed and justified the possibility of using the Map Analysis Package software tools-MAP, PMAP, amap. Created by scientists and researchers at the Harvard Lab, OSU-MAP is a freely distributed GIS software product.

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Perseverance and great results in GIS research have allowed the Harvard Laboratory to be a leader in the field of information mapping and their proposed cartographic data models, cartographic research method, cartographic methods of working with cartographic and user information are still being used in the development of modern GIS.

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Period of state initiatives : typical for the period from the 70s to the beginning of the 80s. This period is characterized by the creation and development of large geographic information projects under the auspices of the state, and this is reflected in the name of the period .

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The number of state institutions in the field of geoinformation technologies is increasing, while the role and merits of individual researchers and small groups are decreasing. In the United States, in scientific circles of that time, there were active discussions about the use of GIS in the processing and presentation of data from National Censuses (U.S. Census Data)

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The task was set for specialists to develop a methodology that allows for the geographical "binding" of census data. The main problem was the task of translating the residential addresses of citizens indicated in their questionnaires into geographical coordinates, for the subsequent formation of an electronic map of the country taking into account the population census data

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In this regard, the National Census Bureau of the United States (U.S. Census Bureau) is asked to develop a completely new approach to the population census, taking into account the geographical location of citizens of the country. The result of the work is the US census in 1970, which was conducted taking into account the use of a geographic information system.

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To do this, experts have developed a special format for presenting map data DIM (Dual Independent Map Encoding), which includes rectangular coordinates of intersections that divide streets into separate areas of map fields .

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Algorithms for processing and presenting cartographic data were taken from the GIS of Canada and the Harvard laboratory and presented in the form of a software product POLYVRT, which allows you to translate (convert) the addresses of citizens into coordinates represented by a graphical segment of the street .

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Development and testing of the results with state support and updating of DIME files allowed to increase the growth of research works in the field of GIS use, which was based on databases of street networks.

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In addition to the use of GIS in land use and population censuses, the work of navigation systems with cartographic support in the management of urban transport and for other purposes, where it is necessary to accurately link the object to cartographic data.

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User (commercial) period : From 1981 to the present. This period is characterized by mass commercial exploitation of GIS software products and applications.

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The use of GIS and databases, taking into account the use of network technologies, navigation systems, made it possible to release a large number of GIS software products to the user market that support individual work with cartographic data on a PC and when used in government and commercial organizations. The rapid development of computing tools and personal computers has made available software and hardware, network information resources to a wide range of application specialists.

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A striking example is the development of the GIS software product ARC / INFO of the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI Inc). In the ARC / INFO program, the rules for separate representation of geometric (cartographic) and attribute information were applied, while storing and working with attribute information was carried out in the form of tables (INFO), and for storing and working with graphic objects in the form of arcs (ARC).

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Currently, the period of user (commercial) GIS development is very active. Global sales in the field of GIS are estimated at more than 9 billion US dollars per year. GIS technologies are indispensable tools for ongoing research in the field of various fields of human activity.

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GIS helps, for example, in solving such tasks as providing a variety of information at the request of planning authorities, resolving territorial conflicts, choosing optimal (from different points of view and according to different criteria) places for placing objects, etc.The information required for decision- making can be presented in a concise cartographic form with additional text explanations, graphs and diagrams.

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GIS is used to graphically build maps and obtain information about individual objects, as well as spatial data about areas, such as the location of natural gas reserves, the density of transport communications, or the distribution of per capita income in the state. In many cases, the areas marked on the map reflect the required information much more clearly than dozens of pages of reports with tables.

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GIS technologies were mainly used in large companies focused on providing services for the development of complex it projects. GIS technologies were integrated into these projects, ensuring their integrity. The advantages of working with GIS technologies were also appreciated by surveyors and cartographers

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And yet, despite this, the process of establishing GIS in Kazakhstan was quite difficult. The development of GIS was hindered, first of all, by our legislation prohibiting the use of map data in public access, as well as the lack of GIS software.

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A special contribution to the development of geoinformatics of the Republic of Kazakhstan was made by the GIS Association. It was established in 1995 as a non-governmental and non-profit public organization that unites specialists of higher educational institutions, research, production, engineering, design, information and other organizations engaged in the development and application of geoinformation technologies in the former USSR.

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Today, GIS is one of the most modern and promising technologies that many organizations implement in their production activities as a tool that improves the business processes of enterprises.

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It is believed that more than 60% of the information contained in corporate databases has a spatial (geographical) component. There is also an opinion that a person in his activities uses more than 70 % of the information that has a spatial reference

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Among the industries that are actively implementing GIS, we can distinguish such industries as, for example, the sector of administrative and territorial administration, as well as the telecommunications and oil and gas sectors.

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GIS is still in demand in the transport and road sector, in the field of engineering communications, agriculture and forestry. Law enforcement agencies, the public sector, healthcare, banking, urban planning and land cadastre use GIS as a tool for management and correct decision-making.

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