Modal verbs

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 Ability  Logical conclusion Necessity  Obligation  Permission  Possibility  Prohibition  Requests  Advice

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Can, could • I can remember all my friends’ telephone numbers. • He could swim by the time he was 3.

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Can’t be, must be • Ann isn’t answering the phone. She must be out. • This can’t be the South Pole.There aren’t any penguins.

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Must/can’t have V 3 • You must have been tired after all that hard work last week. • You can’t have been tired last Sunday – you slept for hours.

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have to, don’t have to • I have to cycle to school. It’s too far to walk. • I don’t have to go to school today – it’s a national holiday.

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Must, mustn’t • You must do this homework carefully. • You mustn’t steal other people’s things. It’s wrong.

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Had to • We had to stay behind after the lesson and do some extra work.

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Can, could, may • You can borrow my bike, but you can’t have the car. • Could my friends come to stay next weekend? • May I speak loud here?

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May, might • Ann is not in class. She might be in the library. • Sam may come to the cinema with us – I’m not sure if he’s free.

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Mustn’t • Students mustn’t use a dictionary in the exam.

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Can,could, would • Can you tell me the time, please? • Could you pass me the salt? • Would you mind pouring me some water?

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should • You should write to your family.

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Should have V 3 • You should have written to your family.(but you didn't.)

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Could have V 3 • You could have tried a new method (but you didn't choose to.)

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Ability AdviceRequests ProhibitionPossibility PermissionObligation Necessity Logical conclusion should canmustn’t maymust have tomust be could might

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Ability cancould

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Possibility may might

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Necessity have to

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Logical conclusion must be

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Requests can could

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Obligation must

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Advice should

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Permission can couldmay

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Prohibition mustn’t