Ауыл шаруашылық мамандықтың терминдері

Agriculture Terms & Definitions

Acid Soil: A soil with an acid reaction, a pH less than 7.0.

Acre: A parcel of land, containing 4,840 square yards or 43,560 square feet.

Agriculture: The utilization of biological processes on farms to produce food and other products

useful and necessary to man. Both a “way of life” and a “means of life” for the people involved in

this industry.

Agriculture Extension Service: Cooperative (Federal, State, and County) agency doing research

and education for rural and urban producer and consumer groups, located in each county with

specialist personnel for each particular area.

Agronomy: The science of crop production and soil management.

Alfalfa: A valuable leguminous crop for forage or hay used in livestock.

Animal Unit: A unit of measurement of livestock, the equivalent of one mature cow weighing

1,000 lbs. The measure is used in making comparisons of feed consumption. Five mature ewes a

also are considered an animal unit.

Annual: A plant that completes its life cycle from seed to plant, flower, and new seed in 1 year or

less.

Apiary: Colonies of bees in hives and other beekeeping equipment for the production of honey.

Artificial Insemination: The mechanical injection of male semen into the womb of the female with

a special syringe-like apparatus. The process begins with the collection of semen from the male.

This method is used extensively in dairy husbandry.

Auger: Spiral device on a shaft used to move grain through a tube.

Avian: Pertaining to poultry and/or fowl.

Balance Ration: A ration which furnishes all the necessary nutrients in the proportions and

amounts needed by the animal for normal functioning and growth.

Bloating: Abnormal swelling of the abdomen of livestock, caused by excessive gas formation

which can result in death.

Boar: A breeding male hog, any age.

Breed: A group of animals descended from common ancestry and possessing certain inherited

characteristics which distinguish it from any other group. When matings within the breed are made,

these characteristics are transmitted to the offspring in a uniform and predictable manner.

Breeds of Beef Cattle:

English Origin: Aberdeen Angus, Hereford, Shorthorn

European Origin: Charolais, Chianina, Gelbvieh, Limousin, Maine Anjou, Simmental

Asian Origin: Brahma.

United States Developed: Brangus, Beefmaster, Santa Gertrudis, Red Angus.

Broadcasting: Random scattering of seeds over the surface of the ground. If the seed is to be

covered, this is done as a separate operation, usually with a spike-tooth harrow.

Broiler: A chicken of either sex about 7 weeks of age.

Bushel: A unit of dry measure (1 cubic foot) for grain, fruit, etc., equivalent to 8 gallons of liquid.

Weight varies with the density/bulk of the commodity. Example: Oats weigh 32 lbs. Per

bu.; barley, 46 lbs. Per bu.; and corn, 56 lbs,. Per bu.

Calf: Young (up to yearling or sexual maturity) animal of the bovine species.

Cash Crop: Any crop that is sold off the farm to yield ready cash.

Certified Seed: Seed grown from pure stock which meets the standards of certifying agency

(usually a state government agency). Certification is based on germination, freedom from weeds

and disease, and trueness to variety.

Complete Fertilizer: A fertilizer containing the three macro nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and

Potassium) in sufficient amounts to sustain plant growth.

Compost: Organic residues, or a mixture of organic residues and soil which have been piled,

moistened, and allowed to undergo biological decomposition. Mineral fertilizers are sometimes

added.

Confinement: Livestock kept in “dry-lot” for maximum year-round production. Facilities may be

partial or complete solid floored and enclosed/covered.

Controlled Lighting: Artificial lighting of poultry housing. Increasing or decreasing the number of

hours of light during the day will control sexual maturity, fertility, and molt.

Cooperative: An organization formed for the purpose of production and marketing of goods or

products owned collectively by members who share in the benefits. Most common examples in

agriculture are canneries and creameries.

Crop Rotation: More or less regular recurrent succession of different crops on the same land for

the purpose of maintaining good yields.

CWT: Hundredweight or 100 pounds.

Double Crop: Two different crops grown on the same area in one growing season.

Drainage: The removal of excess surface water or excess water from within the soil by means of

surface or sub-surface drains.

Drilling: The process of opening the soil to receive the seed, planting the seed and covering it in a

single operation.

Dry Cow: A cow that is not producing milk, the period before the next calving and lactation.

Dry Land Farming: The practice of crop production without irrigation.

Erosion: The wearing away of the land surface, usually by running water or wind.

Feed Lots:

1. Dry Lot Feeding: Feeding process wherein cattle are confined in a small area and fed carefully

mixed, high-concentrate feed to fatten them.

2. Farm Feed Lot: Where cattle feeding is complementary with other farming enterprises.

3. Commercial Where cattle are fed for others on a custom basis. Feed usually is

Feed Lot: purchased, labor is hired.

Fertilization: The union of pollen with an egg to form an embryo.

FFA: Future Farmers of America-an organization for high school students studying vocational

agriculture.

4-H: Club for boys and girls sponsored by the Agricultural Extension Service to foster better

agriculture and homemaking. The 4-H’s stand for Head, Heart, Hands, and Health. Members are

9 to 19 years of age.

Field Capacity: The moisture content of soil in the field as measured two or three days after a

thorough wetting of a well-drained soil by rain or irrigation water.

Forage: Vegetable matter, fresh or preserved, which is gathered and fed to animals as roughage

(e.g., alfalfa hay, corn silage, or other hay crops).

Gelding: A male horse that has been castrated before having reached sexual maturity.

Goats:

Angora Breed: Kept for meat and mohair products and grazing brushy areas of range.

Dairy Breeds: Kept for milk products primarily, also meat. American Lamoncha, French Alpine,

Nubian, Saanen, and Toggenburg.

Buck: Male Goat.

Chevon: Meat from young goats.

Doe: female goat.

Kid: Young, immature goat, either sex.

Kidding: Parturition of the pregnant female goat.

Grade: An animal of common or mixed breeding; and animal which is not a purebred. Such an

animal is ineligible for registration though it usually exhibits some purebred characteristics.

1. Quality Grades for Beef-based on conformation, finish, and quality:

2. Yield Grades for Beef- based on the expected yield (curability) of trimmed, boneless major retail

cuts:

3. Quality Grades for lamb are US Prime, US Choice, US Good, US Utility and US Cull.

Yield Grades for lamb are the same as for beef.

4. Yield Grades for lamb are the same as for beef.

5. USDA Grades for slaughter hogs and pork carcasses combine Quality and Yield into one

designated grade. These are US 1, US 2, US 3, US 4 and Utility.

Grade A Dairy: A dairy that produces market milk (for human drinking purposes) under state

approved sanitation conditions according to state controlled pooling laws. Milking barn and milkhandling

equipment must meet certain State regulations.

Grade B Dairy: A dairy that produces milk for use in making cheese, ice cream and condensed and

powdered milk. Sanitation requirements are not as strict as for Grade A production. The milk cannot

be sold for fresh market consumption.

Gravitational Water: Water that either runs off or percolates through a soil. Not available for use

by plants.

Green Manure: Any crop or plant grown and plowed under to improve the soil, by addition of

organic matter and the subsequent release of plant nutrients, especially nitrogen.

Heifer: Young (less than 3 years) female of the cattle species that has not borne a calf.

Herbivore: Animals that eat plant origin feeds only.

Horizontal Integration: The combining of two or more similar functions under one decision

making body. A farmer who acquires and manages another farm as a separate unit and a canner that

builds or acquires a cannery in another area are examples of horizontal integration.

Humus: The well decomposed, relatively stable portion of the organic matter in a soil.