Charlotte Bronte`s works

INTODUCTION

The relevance of the theme: In the history of European culture, there are not so many talented families whose creative achievements included in its gold fund . However, even among these three Bronte sisters - Charlotte , Emily and Anne - occupy a special position, as by chance an extraordinary literary talent proved to be endowed with a girl from the deep province , less than anyone , have the knowledge of life , but at the same time managed to impress his contemporaries depth and strength of its artistic interpretation . Charlotte Bronte`s novel "Jane Eyre" is the object of our study, the nature of the conflict, the subject of our research.

The aim of this study is to identify the uniqueness of the characters in the works of Charlotte Bronte.

The point of research: The theme of women's freedom and equality, the ideal of a full-blooded, bright, do not aggrieved conventions life was characterized by the works of Charlotte Bronte.

Critics have repeatedly noted how consonant with modernity and the theme of the struggle for emotional and social equality of women. That's in the works of Charlotte Bronte occurs in the English literature of the XIX century, a new image of women as opposed to assert the bourgeois Victorian ideal of "gentle angel" whose role in life - only to be the guardian of the hearth.

The subject of research: regional geography

This goal provides the following tasks:

- to uncover innovative character of the novel by Charlotte Bronte "Jane Eyre";

- to define the content of the theme: Traffic from internal to external types of conflict

- to connect social (external) and internal (personal) types of conflict;

- to reveal confrontation Victorian foundations with the image of the protagonist;

- to analyse the artificial features the image of the characters in the confrontation example.

Content of the course work: The course work consists of introduction, a main part, conclusion and used materials

Charlotte Bronte's creativity was highly appreciated by Karl Marx. He wrote in 1854, characterizing the English literature of that period on pages of the American newspaper "New York Deyl Tribyun": "A brilliant group of modern English novelists who in bright and eloquent books have opened to the world more than political and social truth than all professional politicians, publicists and moralists, combined, have given the characteristic of all layers of the bourgeoisie. What Dickens, Thackeray, Ms. Bronte and mistress Gaskell have represented them? As persons stout of self-confidence, hypocrisy, despotism and ignorance; and the civilized world has confirmed this sentence with the terrible epigram: "They cringe to those who are higher than them, and behave as tyrants, in relation to those who are lower than them"

Charlotte Bronte is an outstanding English writer, the author of the well-known novels: "Jane Eyre", "Town" ("Villet"), "Teacher", "Shirley", admits critics to one of the most outstanding English novelists of the 19th century. Her author's style differs in an originality and it is easily recognized.

Charlotte Bronte's language is characterized by high figurativeness, emotionality and expressivity. It is created by means of such stylistic receptions as tracks (various epithets, the simple and developed metaphors, hyperboles), irony. The author also widely applies such means of expression as phraseological units and hints on antique myths. Besides, use of such syntactic stylistic receptions as inversion and repetitions, and also such phonetic stylistic reception as alliteration is characteristic of author's language of Charlotte Bronte.

1. PART. CHARLOTTE –THE BRIGHT FIGURE

1.1 Literature of the XIX century

The critical realism as the leading direction is approved in the English literature in the 30-40th years of the 19th century. He reaches the blossoming in the second half of the 40th years – during the highest rise of the movement.

In the 30-40th years such remarkable writers realists as Ch. Dickens,

U. Thackeray, the sister Bronte, E. Gaskell act. In the history of England this period – time of intense social and ideological struggle. It was in the Victorian era (1837–1901) that the novel became the leading literary genre in English.  Women played an important part in this rising popularity both as authors and as readers. Monthly serialising of fiction encouraged this surge in popularity, due to a combination of the rise of literacy, technological advances in printing, and improved economics of distribution. Charles Dickens' Pickwick Papers, was published in twenty parts between April 1836 and November 1837.  Both Dickens and Thackeray frequently published this way. However, the standard practice of publishing three volume editions continued until the end of the 19th century. Circulating libraries, that allowed books to be borrowed for an annual subscription, were a further factor in the rising popularity of the novel.

Although London, as imperial capital, was the pre-eminent centre for literature and publishing, the pluricentric nature of British culture and the growing sophistication of provincial towns and cities as rapid industrialisation progressed meant that literature developed in the provinces. The Lake Poets (William Wordsworth and S. T. Coleridge), the Brontës, George Eliot and Elizabeth Gaskell are all figures who strengthened the provincial trend in the literature of England, examining questions of Englishness at the same time as other writers throughout Britain and Ireland were exploring the conflicts of their own non-English identities. This was in many ways a reaction to rapid industrialisation, and the social, political and economic issues associated with it, and was a means of commenting on abuses of government and industry and the suffering of the poor, who were not profiting from England's economic prosperity. Stories of the working class poor were directed toward middle class to help create sympathy and promote change. An early example is Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist (1837–38). Other significant early example of this genre are Sybil, or The Two Nations, a novel by Benjamin Disraeli (1804–81) and Charles Kingsley's (1819–75) Alton Locke (1849).

Charles Dickens (1812–70) emerged on the literary scene in the late 1830s and soon became probably the most famous novelist in the history of British literature. One of his most popular works to this day is A Christmas Carol (1843). Dickens fiercely satirised various aspects of society, including the workhouse in Oliver Twist, the failures of the legal system in Bleak House, the dehumanising effect of money in Dombey and Son and the influence of the philosophy of utilitarianism in factories, education etc., in Hard Times. However some critics have suggested that Dickens' sentimentality blunts the impact of his satire. In more recent years Dickens has been most admired for his later novels, such as Dombey and Son (1846–48), Bleak House (1852–53) and Little Dorrit (1855–57), Great Expectations (1860–1), and Our Mutual Friend (1864–65).  An early rival to Dickens was William Makepeace Thackeray (1811–63), who during the Victorian period ranked second only to him, but he is now much less read and is known almost exclusively for Vanity Fair (1847). In that novel he satirises whole swaths of humanity while retaining a light touch. It features his most memorable character, the engagingly roguish Becky Sharp. The Brontë sisters, Emily, Charlotte and Anne, were other significant novelists in the 1840s and 1850s. Their novels caused a sensation when they were first published but were subsequently accepted as classics. They had written compulsively from early childhood and were first published, at their own expense, in 1846 as poets under the pseudonyms Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. The following year the three sisters each published a novel. Charlotte Brontë's (1816–55) work was Jane Eyre, which is written in an innovative style that combines naturalism with gothic melodrama, and broke new ground in being written from an intensely first-person female perspective.  Emily Brontë's (1818–48) novel was Wuthering Heights and, according to Juliet Gardiner, "the vivid sexual passion and power of its language and imagery impressed, bewildered and appalled reviewers," and led the Victorian public and many early reviewers to think that it had been written by a man. Even though it received mixed reviews when it first came out, and was often condemned for its portrayal of amoral passion, the book subsequently became an English literary classic. The third Brontë novel of 1847 was Anne Brontë's (1820–49) Agnes Grey, which deals with the lonely life of a governess. Anne Brontë's second novel, The Tenant of Wild fell Hall (1848), is perhaps the most shocking of the Brontës' novels. In seeking to present the truth in literature, Anne's depiction of alcoholism and debauchery was profoundly disturbing to 19th-century sensibilities. Charlotte Brontë's Shirley was published in 1849, Villette in 1853, and The Professor in 1857.

Elizabeth Gaskell (1810–65) was also a successful writer and her first novel, Mary Barton, was published anonymously in 1848. Gaskell's North and South contrasts the lifestyle in the industrial north of England with the wealthier south. Even though her writing conforms to Victorian conventions, Gaskell usually frames her stories as critiques of contemporary attitudes, and her early works focused on factory work in southeast Lancashire. She always emphasised the role of women, with complex narratives and dynamic female characters.

Anthony Trollope's (1815–82) was one of the most successful, prolific and respected English novelists of the Victorian era. Some of his best-loved works are set in the imaginary west country of Barsetshire, including The Warden (1855) and Barchester Towers (1857). Trollope's novels portray the lives of the landowning and professional classes of early Victorian England. Henry James suggested that Trollope's greatest achievement was "great apprehension of the real", and that "what made him so interesting, came through his desire to satisfy us on this point". All these works with a big force have reflected moods of a wide people at large, their protest against oppression of capitalism. And for this reason the writers realists who weren't directly involved in labor movement not being supporters of revolutionary methods of fight, were close to the English proletariat, all people of England in his fight against fetters of capitalist operation. In works of bourgeois scientists and writers the concept "Victorian England" connected with the idea of the period of government of the Queen Victoria spread by them as to an era of prosperity and steady prosperity of the country was approved. This official point of view didn't correspond to the true situation and was disproved by the reality. Her destruction was promoted by works of writers realists. The English realists of the 19th century have comprehensively reflected life in the creativity modern him societies, have truthfully reproduced typical characters in typical circumstances. They have made object of the criticism and derision not only representatives of the bourgeois and aristocratic environment, but also that system of laws and orders which is installed by the mighty of this world. Writers realists put problems of the big social importance, come to such generalizations and conclusions which directly bring the reader to thought of brutality and injustice of the existing social order. Writers realists have opposed to self-interest of bourgeois businessmen moral purity, diligence and firmness of simple people. The sober realism, severe criticism of capitalist orders is combined with romantic motives, situations and images. The romantic beginning is shown in works of realists in a different form and in different degree. Romantic pathos of a protest of Jane Eyre ("Jane Eyre" of Charlotte Bronte) and Heathcliff ("Wuthering Heights" of Emilia Bronte) has something in common with rebellious spirit of heroes of poems of Shelley and Byron. Realists are pulled together with romantics by their humanity, rejection and criticism of bourgeois society, aspiration to justice and freedom. Dazzling successes in the English literature of the 19th century and especially in the 40th years are reached by a genre of the novel in which new heroes appear. These are not just people from the people, and the people who are deeply thinking of life, thinly feeling, hotly realizing on surrounding and actively acting (John Barton in the novel "Mary Barton", heroes of novels of Charlotte and Emilia Bronte). Epic multidimensional scale in the image of society is combined with the going deep skill of the image of the human person in its conditionality circumstances and her interaction with people around.

1.2 Biography and works

Charlotte Brontë - 21 April 1816 – 31 March 1855) was an English novelist and poet, the eldest of the three Brontë sisters who survived into adulthood and whose novels have become classics of English literature. She first published her works (including her best known novel, Jane Eyre) under the pen name Currer Bell.

Charlotte was born in Thornton, west of Bradford in the West Riding of Yorkshire, in 1816, the third of the six children of Maria (née Branwell) and Patrick Brontë (formerly surnamed Brunty or Prunty), an Irish Anglican clergyman. In 1820 her family moved a few miles to the village of Haworth, where her father had been appointed perpetual curate of St Michael and All Angels Church. Maria died of cancer on 15 September 1821, leaving five daughters, Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte, Emily and Anne, and a son, Branwell, to be taken care of by her sister, Elizabeth Branwell.

In August 1824 Patrick sent Charlotte, Emily, Maria and Elizabeth to the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge in Lancashire. Charlotte maintained that the school's poor conditions permanently affected her health and physical development, and hastened the deaths of Maria (born 1814) and Elizabeth (born 1815), who both died of tuberculosis in June 1825. After the deaths of her older sisters her father removed Charlotte and Emily from the school. Charlotte used the school as the basis for Lowood School in Jane Eyre. At home in Haworth Parsonage Charlotte acted as "the motherly friend and guardian of her younger sisters". She and her surviving siblings — Branwell, Emily and Anne – created their own fictional worlds, and began chronicling the lives and struggles of the inhabitants of their imaginary kingdoms. Charlotte and Branwell wrote Byronic stories about their jointly imagined country, Angria, and Emily and Anne wrote articles and poems about  Gondal. The sagas they created were episodic and elaborate, and they exist in incomplete manuscripts, some of which have been published as juvenilia. They provided them with an obsessive interest during childhood and early adolescence, which prepared them for literary vocations in adulthood. Between 1831 and 1832 Charlotte continued her education at Roe Head in Mirfield, where she met her lifelong friends and correspondents Ellen Nussey and Mary Taylor. In 1833 she wrote a novella, The Green Dwarf, using the name Wellesley. She returned to Roe Head as a teacher from 1835 to 1838. In 1839 she took up the first of many positions as governess to families in Yorkshire, a career she pursued until 1841. In particular, from May to July 1839 she was employed by the Sidgwick family at their summer residence, Stone Gappe, in Lothersdale, where one of her charges was John Benson Sidgwick (1835–1927), an unruly child who on one occasion threw a Bible at Charlotte, an incident that may have been the inspiration for a part of the opening chapter of Jane Eyre in which John Reed throws a book at the young Jane. In 1842 Charlotte and Emily travelled to Brussels to enrol at the boarding school run by Constantin Héger (1809–96) and his wife Claire Zoé Parent Héger (1804–87). In return for board and tuition Charlotte taught English and Emily taught music. Their time at the school was cut short when their aunt Elizabeth Branwell, who had joined the family in Haworth to look after the children after their mother's death, died of internal obstruction in October 1842. Charlotte returned alone to Brussels in January 1843 to take up a teaching post at the school. Her second stay was not happy: she was homesick and deeply attached to Constantin Héger. She returned to Haworth in January 1844 and used the time spent in Brussels as the inspiration for some of the events in The Professor and Villette. Сharlotte Brontë, with her Byronic brother and her tragic sisters, have become the center of a great romantic legend, the cult of the Brontës. Charlotte is the central figure in this cult partly because (though she died at thirty-eight) she survived all the rest, partly because she wrote more that the others did, and at least in part because after her death she was the subject of a great biography. Charlotte was possessed of a remarkably complex character: she was indomitably honest, tenacious, stoic, full of integrity and determination and independence of thought, enthusiastic, passionate, and yet emotionally insecure, shy, sensitive, physically frail, secretly obsessed with her own ugliness — she was thin, short, and plain, with a reddish face, missing teeth and an overhanging brow, though friends speak of her lovely eyes and beautiful hair — and prone to psychosomatic ilnesses. Charlotte, Anne, and Emily Brontë became authors despite (or perhaps because of) the strange life — outwardly empty, inwardly rich — which they led as children: Charlotte herself, looking back on the years at Haworth, wrote of their feeling of being "buried with inferior minds.In 1848 Charlotte began work on the manuscript of her second novel, Shirley. It was only partially completed when the Brontë family suffered the deaths of three of its members within eight months. In September 1848 Branwell died of chronic bronchitis and marasmus, exacerbated by heavy drinking, although Charlotte believed that his death was due to tuberculosis. Branwell was also a suspected "opium eater"; a laudanum addict. Emily became seriously ill shortly after Branwell's funeral and died of pulmonary tuberculosis in December 1848. Anne died of the same disease in May 1849. Charlotte was unable to write at this time. After Anne's death Charlotte resumed writing as a way of dealing with her grief, and Shirley, which deals with themes of industrial unrest and the role of women in society, was published in October 1849. Unlike Jane Eyre, which is written in the first person, Shirley is written in the third person and lacks the emotional immediacy of her first novel, and reviewers found it less shocking. Charlotte, as her late sister's heir, suppressed the republication of Anne's second novel, The Tenant of Wild fell Hall, an action which had a deleterious effect on Anne's popularity as a novelist and has remained controversial amongst the sisters' biographers ever since. Charlotte sent copies of Shirley to selected leading authors of the day, including Elizabeth Gaskell. Gaskell and Charlotte subsequently met in August 1850 and began a friendship which, whilst not necessarily close, was significant in that Gaskell would write a biography of Charlotte after Charlotte's death in 1855. The biography, The Life of Charlotte Brontë, was published in 1857 and was unusual at the time in that, rather than analysing its subject's achievements, it instead concentrated on the private details of Charlotte's life, in particular placing emphasis on aspects which countered the accusations of 'coarseness' which had been levelled at Charlotte's writing. Though frank in places, Gaskell was selective about which details she revealed; for example, she suppressed details of Charlotte's love for Heger, a married man, as being too much of an affront to contemporary morals and as a possible source of distress to Charlotte's still-living friends, father and husband. Gaskell also provided doubtful and inaccurate information about Patrick Brontë, claiming, for example, that he did not allow his children to eat meat. This is refuted by one of Emily Brontë's diary papers, in which she describes the preparation of meat and potatoes for dinner at the parsonage, as Juliet Barker points out in her recent biography, The Brontës. It has been argued that the particular approach of The Life of Charlotte Brontë transferred the focus of attention away from the 'difficult' novels of not just Charlotte but all the Brontë sisters, and began a process of sanctification of their private lives. 

The Brontë sisters were highly amused by the behaviour of the curates they met. Arthur Bell Nicholls (1818–1906) had been curate of Haworth for seven and a half years, when contrary to all expectations, and to the fury of Patrick Brontë, he proposed to Charlotte. Although impressed by his dignity and deep voice, as well as by his near complete emotional collapse when she rejected him, she found him rigid, conventional, and rather narrow-minded 'like all the curates' – as she wrote to Ellen Nussey. After she declined his proposal Nicholls, pursued by the anger of Patrick Brontë, left his functions for several months. However, little by little her feelings evolved and after slowly convincing her father, she finally married Nicholls on 29 June 1854.

On return from their honeymoon in Ireland where she had been introduced to Mr. Nicholls' aunt and cousins, her life completely changed. She adopted her new duties as a wife that took up most of her time, she wrote to her friends telling them that Nicholls was a good and attentive husband, but that she nevertheless felt a kind of holy terror at her new situation. In a letter to Ellen Nussey (Nell), in 1854 she wrote Indeed-indeed-Nell-it is a solemn and strange and perilous thing for a woman to become a wife.

She died, with her unborn child, on 31 March 1855, aged 38, three weeks before her 39th birthday. Her death certificate gives the cause of death asphthisis, but many biographers suggest that she died from dehydration and malnourishment due to vomiting caused by severe morning sickness or hyperemesis gravidarum. There is also evidence that she died from typhus, which she may have caught from Tabitha Ackroyd, the Brontë household's oldest servant, who died shortly before her. Charlotte was interred in the family vault in the Church of St Michael and All Angels at Haworth.

Elizabeth Gaskell's biography The Life of Charlotte Brontë was published in 1857. It was an important step for a leading female novelist to write a biography of another, and Gaskell's approach was unusual in that, rather than analysing her subject's achievements, she concentrated on private details of Charlotte's life, emphasising those aspects that countered the accusations of "coarseness" that had been levelled at her writing. The biography is frank in places, but omits details of Charlotte's love for Héger, a married man, as being too much of an affront to contemporary morals and a likely source of distress to Charlotte's father, widower and friends. Mrs Gaskell also provided doubtful and inaccurate information about Patrick Brontë, claiming that he did not allow his children to eat meat. This is refuted by one of Emily Brontë's diary papers, in which she describes preparing meat and potatoes for dinner at the parsonage.^[30] It has been argued that Gaskell's approach transferred the focus of attention away from the 'difficult' novels, not just Charlotte's, but all the sisters', and began a process of sanctification of their private lives.On 29 July 1913 The Times of London printed four letters Charlotte had written to Constantin Héger after leaving Brussels in 1844. Written in French except for one postscript in English, the letters broke the prevailing image of Charlotte as an angelic martyr to Christian and female duties that had been constructed by many biographers, beginning with Gaskell. The letters, which formed part of a larger and somewhat one-sided correspondence in which Héger frequently appears not to have replied, reveal that she had been in love with a married man, although they are complex and have been interpreted in numerous ways, including as an example of literary self-dramatisation and an expression of gratitude from a former pupil. Charlotte Bronte has early begun to write: her first manuscript (There was once a little girl) which has reached us is dated approximately 1826 (the author is 10 years old). In 1827 — 1829 Bronte's children have thought up several big and small games which have formed a basis for their further creativity. The late yuveniliya of Charlotte Bronte is noted by emergence of new type of the heroine. At children's and teenage age the girl was guided by literary romantic samples, mainly, on heroines Byron and Walter Scott. However in 1838 — 1839 Charlotte creates the original female character whose highest point of development will be Jane Eyre's character. Jane's prototype in a yuveniliya is Elisabeth Hastings; her opposition to the colonel William Percy and love to him form the first sketch of future novel which has glorified Charlotte Bronte.

We were reached practically by all early works of Charlotte Bronte. As initially they were composed on behalf of wooden tell-tales, manuscripts are written by extremely small handwriting printing letters (children imitated books). Thanks to efforts of the scientists working on interpretation of a bronteniana in the 20th century different fragments have published practically all heritage of Charlotte Bronte. However the scientific publication has demanded more time. Now it is close to end. First leaf of the manuscript of Charlotte Bronte "Secret", 1833.

"Angriya's legends" (1933, under edition F. E. Retchford). This book had included the teenage novel "Green Dwarf", the poem "Zamorna's Exile", the story "Mina Laurie", the youthful novel "Caroline Vernon" and "Farewell to Angriya" — a prosaic fragment which genre it is difficult to define.

• "Charlotte Bronte. Five small novels" (1977, under edition U. Zheren). This book had included stories "Current Events", "Julia" and "Mina Laurie", and also youthful novels "Captain Henry Hastings" and "Caroline Vernon".

• "Stories about Angriya" (2006, under edition Heder Glen). This book had included stories "Mina Laurie" and "Stenkliff-hotel", a small epistolary novel "Duke Zamorna", novels "Henry Hastings" and "Caroline Vernon", and also diary fragments which Charlotte Bronte has written, being a teacher in Rowe-Hede.

Tales of Angria (written 1838–1839 - a collection of childhood and young adult writings including five short novels) 

1. Mina Laury Stancliffe's

2. Hotel The Duke of Zamorna 

3. Henry Hastings Caroline Vernon 

4. The Roe Head Journal Fragments 

5. The Green Dwarf Jane Eyre, published 1847

6. Shirley, published in 1849

7. Villette, published in 1853

The Professor, written before Jane Eyre, submitted at first along with Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey, then separately, and rejected by many publishing houses, published posthumously in 1857 Emma, unfinished; Charlotte Brontë wrote only 20 pages of the manuscript, published posthumously in 1860. In recent decades at least two continuations of this fragment have appeared:

Emma, by "Charlotte Brontë and Another Lady", published 1980; although this has been attributed to Elizabeth Goudge, the actual author was Constance Savery. Emma Brown, by Clare Boylan, published 2003

" The Professor " is the first novel of Charlotte Bronte. It has been written before "Jane Eyre" and rejected by many publishing houses, but eventually is printed posthumously in 1857.

The book tells a story of the young man, William Krimsvort. His growing, love and career as the teacher at school for girls is described. Charlotte Bronte's stay in Brussels where she learned languages in 1842 has formed a basis for the book.

The young man by the name of William Krimsvort is forced to look for work as his financial position leaves much to be desired. He goes to work as the clerk to the brother Edward who cold accepts him and keeps otstranyonno, tyrannizing and in every possible way humiliating William. After a while William finds the friend by the name of York Hansden who advises him to go to the continent to work as the teacher. Following advice of the friend, William goes to Brussels where is arranged to work as the teacher of Latin and English at school for boys for mister Pelé. William combines the new work as well with teaching in women's board which head mistress Soraida Rutte renders to the young teacher attention signs. William falls in love with the chief, but soon learns that that has to marry mister Pelé. William is disappointed and keeps with madam Rutte cold and frostily, continuing to work nevertheless in her institution.

Once he meets the capable and modest schoolgirl by the name of Frances Henry who also teaches needlework in board. William learns that Frances is very poor and earns on bread by teaching at school. Also he learns that the girl was born in Switzerland in a family of the Swiss pastor and Englishwoman therefore she well knows English and dreams to go to England in the future. Promoting development of talents of the schoolgirl, William understands over time that he loves her, but his chief tries to prevent communication of the teacher with the schoolgirl and dismisses Frances when that goes on leave to look after the sick aunt who soon dies. In revenge William also leaves board and searches for Frances. That lives in extreme poverty after death of the aunt, and the teacher dreaming to make earlier to her the proposal of a hand and heart refuses now the plans as he at most has no means of livelihood, and he will only worsen situation of the schoolgirl if she becomes his wife. However soon William finds work in a college for boys and does to Frances the offer. They marry and soon they give birth to the son Victor. In several years William executes dream of the wife, and they all family move to England where they live in the neighbourhood with the friend of Mr. Krimsvorta Yorkom Hansdenom.

The first serious literary experience of Bronte has appeared more than is unsuccessful. Roman not only hasn't received an assessment of readers, but also hasn't been published during lifetime of the writer in general. The publishers rejecting the manuscript explained the refusal with the fact that the novel is too boring, so, nobody will want to read it. According to publishers of the middle of the 19th century, the reader looks for a fascinating plot and an unexpected outcome in the book. In Bronte's novel really there are no incidents exciting imagination. It is possible to call history quite banal. Events develop too slowly.

After the first failure Charlotte Bronte didn't leave the dream to become the writer. She has undertaken writing of other novel – "Jane Eyre". The second work became the real success and has glorified Bronte. However comparing two novels, it is easy to notice, as in the second book there are no "stunning" events.

The first novel has been written under the impressions received in Brussels. In " The Professor " the view of love and relationship between the man and the woman is too naive. Lovers take of each other the hint, don't quarrel. The world and harmony reigns in their relations. Lack of means of livelihood becomes the only obstacle. But also this problem is very easily and quickly allowed. Possibly, it the author sees the cancelled affair with the teacher in dreams. In the book "Jane Eyre" of the relation between the girl and her darling develop very not easy. Him it is constant someone or something disturbs. Obviously, these difficulties also do a plot fascinating. " The Professor " — the first novel of Charlotte Bronte published only after her death. In the history of love of the young teacher William Krimsvort and his schoolgirl Frances Charlotte's biography is guessed: study in Brussels and romantic feelings to the teacher of boarding house.

"Jane Eyre — the novel of the English writer Charlotte Bronte.

The publication

Also Co" (Smith, Elder & Company), London, with the title "Jane Eyre has been for the first time published in 1847 "Smith, Helder: An Autobiography" under a pseudonym Karrer Bell (Currer Bell). At once after the publication the book has deserved love of readers and good responses of critics, including William Thackeray to whom Bronte has devoted the second edition.

"Jane Eyre" is a special book. The improbable number of girls secretly dropped the tears on pages from the novel about the young governess — fragile, but faithful to beliefs and resistant to adversities which nevertheless, after long tests, was with the darling.

Charlotte Bronte practically for the first time in literature has found in herself was swept away so sincerely and passionately, so truthfully to speak about love and belief, about simple human feelings and about a debt.

The final of the novel differs from sugary and false happy end, inherent in the Victorian novel. He differs in the fact that the writer has managed to report intensity of emotions, depth of the questions and experiences arising at heroes.

The novel "Jane Eyre", at the same time poetic and ruthless, became the new word in the English literature of the 19th century.

The novel is sated with descriptions of the nature, in the smallest details, language of descriptions is rich stylistically: here both epithets, and metaphors, comparisons, repetitions, etc. The state of nature transfers mood of the main characters: their state of mind, experiences, doubts, confusions. The nature embodiment (most often the moon) isn't casual: the nature bears secret sense and is an omen of important events in Jane's destiny.

"Jane Eyre" is constructed under composite laws of "the novel of education". Everything that happens to Jane Eyre", - episodes in vital evolution of the heroine coming through fight, sufferings and difficulties to comprehension of a debt, and from this comprehension fortunately.

"Shirley” — the novel of the English writer Charlotte Bronte written by her in 1849 a subpseudonym Karrer Bell. The novel has been cast by live impressions of the running high chartist movement.

Charlotte Bronte wrote the novel "Shirley" in days, difficult for her. Just, within one year, an tuberculosis friends of her youth — the brother Brenuell and two sisters — Emily and Ann have died. Charlotte on the character couldn't give fruitless way to despair. She has begun to work on "Shirley". But bitter thoughts about female destiny penetrate this novel, and gloomy shadows of a recent grief lay down on him. One of heads carries the characteristic name — "Death Valley".

And still it is not the pessimistic book. Charlotte has enclosed in her the belief in a victory of good and the thirst of justice. And at the same time she tried to erect a monument to the died sisters, to create their live portraits in the person of two heroines of the novel. In proud and vigorous Shirley it is possible to guess Emily's lines; the writer has allocated mild, pensive Carolina with moral and physical shape of Ann. And she has generously presented them in conclusion of that happiness which they have been deprived in life — love, a family, health.

Characters

• Robert Moore is the manufacturer whose business is suspended because of revolt of luddites. Cousin of Carolina.

• Louis Moore is Robert's brother, works as the tutor in the house of Mr. Simpson — the uncle Shirley

• Carolina Helstone - diffident, timid, however the clever and gifted girl, the girl without dowry. The best friend Shirley.

• Shirley Keeldar — the rich successor. Willful, independent and resolute young woman.

• Mr. Yorke — the local land owner.

Plot

"Shirley" — the ardent description of the conflict of generations, floors and social groups. The manufacturer Robert Moore is going to marry the rich successor Shirley though his heart belongs to the girl without dowry Carolina, and Shirley is in love with the brother Robert, the poor teacher.

Style of writing

Unlike the novel "Jane Eyre" which is written from the first person of the main character "Shirley" is told from the third party. In the third novel "Town", Charlotte Bronte will return to former style of the narration from the first person of the main character Lucie Snow.

Novel of the famous English writer Ch. Bronte (1816-1855) " Villette "

- it is history of the young Englishwoman Lucie Snow who early was deserted, who has appeared in full loneliness, without means of support. It is necessary the heroine to overcome many difficulties, to face hypocrisy and injustice, to endure heavy disappointments, loss of illusion and collapse of hopes for luck.

In the wide plan " Villette "- the novel about formation of the personality.

"Villette "
Charlotte's third published novel (and her last to be published during her lifetime) was Villette, which came out in 1853. The main themes of Villette include isolation, and how such a condition can be borne, and the internal conflict brought about by societal repression of individual desire. The book's main character, Lucy Snowe, travels abroad to teach in a boarding school in the fictional town of Villette, where she encounters a culture and religion different to her own, and where she falls in love with a man ('Paul Emanuel') whom she cannot marry due to societal forces. Her experiences result in her having a breakdown, but eventually she achieves independence and fulfilment in running her own school. Villette marked Charlotte's return to the format of writing from a first-person perspective (that of Lucy Snowe), a technique which she had used so successfully in Jane Eyre. Also similar to Jane Eyre was Charlotte's use of aspects from her own life history as inspiration for fictional events in the novel, in particular her reworking of her own time spent at the pensionnat in Brussels into Lucy spending time teaching at the boarding school, and her own falling in love with Constantin Heger into Lucy falling in love with 'Paul Emanuel'. Villette was acknowledged by the critics of the day as being a potent and sophisticated piece of writing, although it was still criticised for its 'coarseness' and for not being suitably 'feminine' in its portrayal of Lucy's desires. 

Emma — the incomplete novel of the English classical writer Charlotte Bronte.

Shortly before the death in 1854, Charlotte has begun to write this novel, but, has managed to write only 20 pages. However, two writers — Constance Seyveri and Clare Boylan, "have added" the versions of continuation of the novel. The book of the second author appeared in 2003 under the name "Emma Brown".

In 1854 Charlotte Bronte has written two chapters of the new novel "Emma", however she didn't happen to finish it — on March 31, 1855 she dies. Many years later, Clare Boylan, the Irish writer and the journalist, has added the novel, having awarded him with the difficult and confused plot, narrating about destiny of the girl Emma who should survive the naulitsakh of London of the Victorian era. Debauchery, poverty, child prostitution, cowardice — the main subjects of the novel.

Before sitting down at writing of continuation of the novel, Clare Boylan, as she said, has studied a set of literature on the Victorian period in England, including about life of poor people on streets of London, has visited the museum of characters of Bronte conducted conversations with many researchers of creativity of a family of Bronte . The girl by the name of Emma Brown does not remember the past and tries to find for mother. She should be influenced by all horrors of poverty and homeless life on streets of London, it is heavy to work to earn on food. During the wanderings she meets the girl is younger than her by the name of Jannie Dra. Together with her they look for a shelter, and once get on the World Fair into the Hyde park where Emma sees the images which are hanged out on all building of the Crystal palace under which it is signed that search for her. Jannie thinks that she has got to Heaven, she never saw such beautiful and rich people, never ate such tasty things in which traded here. Such exhibition took place in reality — the Great exhibition of industrial works of all people, and took place in the London Hyde park from May 1 to October 15, 1851, it became a milestone in the history of industrial revolution.

Eventually, memory comes back to Emma thanks to care of her foster mother, Isabel Chalfont. It turns out that Emma Brown is the daughter of the decent woman at whom have stolen the child and have sold on the street for nothing.

"Emma" is the last novel of Charlotte Bronte; she worked on him before death and has managed to finish only two chapters of the novel. For the first time it has been published in the Cornhill Magazine which editor-in-chief was William Thackeray. Along with "Teacher", the first novel of Charlotte, "Emma" successfully supplements gallery of images of the teachers and orphan schoolgirls brought in works of the writer.

Charlotte has managed to write only 20 pages of the hand-written text of this novel (2 heads) in 1854. Later the book has been finished by the writer Constance Savery, published under the pseudonym "Another Lady". Constance has died not so long ago in March, 1999 on the 101st year of life — the author of numerous works for children, historical and adventure novels about England of the period of 18-19 centuries.

In addition, there is one more version of continuation of the novel which was added" by Clare Boylan in 2003 under the name "Emma Brown" (Emma Brown).

1.3 Female images and realism in Ch.Bronte’s novel “Jane Eyre”

The heroine Ch. Bronte already not only are romantic in the proud protest or heroic stoicism: they are allocated with rather labor understanding of a surrounding social situation and do not tear away themselves from society, but demand from him recognition of the rights for freedom, happiness and creative activity. In our opinion, using all powers of the uncommon soul, they seek to assert the advantage, right for freedom of feeling, without bowing to anybody and with contempt rejecting both arrogance and conceit, and philanthropic feelings of those who are richer and stronger than them.

In the novel there are a lot of female images and each of them has in one way or another affected Jane Eyre's destiny or development of her character, but the main female images as me have been chosen: Jane Eyre, Mrs. Read, Elaine Burns, Ms. Temple , Blanch Ingram and Berta Mason. The similar choice is reasoned by their greatest importance in development of a plot of the novel.

The subject of female freedom and equality, ideal the full-blooded, bright, not restrained conventions of life were peculiar to creativity of all of Bronte. The criticism noted more than once how also the fight subject for emotional and civil equality of the woman is conformable the present. In creativity of Charlotte Bronte and her sisters there is in the English literature of the 19th century an image of the new woman as opposed to the ideal of "a mild angel" approved bourgeois Victorian whose role in life – to be only a keeper of a home.

The woman in creativity Bronte – a being freedom-loving, independent, equal to the man on intelligence and a strength of mind. In this aspect communication of creativity of Bronte and with the 18th century, a century of Education why, in particular, the question of continuation by Charlotte and her sisters of tradition Mary Uolstonkraft and Mary Shelley is natural is interesting. But the same tradition has been "transferred" by sisters to Bronte and contemporaries. In England, for example, Jane's image has got a response in the poem E.-B. Browning "Aurora Li" whose heroine approves the value and equality of the woman in an inner world and in the world of feelings. Especially many imitations I have caused "Jane Eyre" in America where in the 60-70th years "the female novel", that is the novel written by the woman and about female destiny becomes very popular. At once won big popularity and recognition, Bronte's novel becomes an ideal just like which the set of works is created. The typology of an image of the poor, but proud girl and the conflict, the situation "set" by Charlotte Bronte in her well-known novel takes roots: the heroine (not necessarily the governess, but, as a rule, the young girl or the woman) appears in adverse circumstances and only thanks to the moral integrity, firmness, to mind and character overcomes struggles of life. Moreover – tries to obtain success including first of all – material. Such, American, transformation of a subject of a spiritual and moral victory of Jane Eyre was, of course, a tribute to typically bourgeois idea of happiness and wellbeing. Many of these American imitations of "Jane Eyre" were, as a matter of fact, trivial, melodramatic stories on "as I was lucky". A distinctive feature of these stories – a success romanticizing, but not romanticism of work as we see it in Charlotte Bronte's works.

The central novel of Charlotte Bronte in which the emancipation problem – "Jane Eyre" is obviously traced. He has attracted and has struck readers with image of the main character, the courageous and pure girl who is alone combating for existence and for the human dignity. A story of this fight is told from the first person. It is not the autobiography of Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre's history has only a separate common ground with life of the writer.

The teacher Margaret Connor has described Jane Eyre's prototype not so long ago. Results of her searches with appreciation have been apprehended by Memorial society of Bronte. However the director of the Museum of sisters Bronte in Houort Mike Hill about it has fairly noticed: "The most part of images in any novel has more or less factual basis. But art in that also consists that from these images can create imagination of the author".

And the imagination has created the novel which is read by more than 150 years. It became an important milestone in the history of fight for female equality, let still not political. Charlotte Bronte defends equality of the woman with the man in a family and work. The creativity she is close to the French writer George Sand, her well-known novel "Consuelo" (1824) was the favourite novel of Sh. Bronte and has exerted a certain impact on creation of an image of Jane Eyre.

With all passion of emotional nature Bronte was torn to broad lands of big and intelligent life which I guessed outside the narrow and unhealthy world, but encountered conventions, prejudices and the taken roots custom. Marriage and a household or a humiliating role of the governess in prosperous families – the only prospect opening during that time before the woman - arouse indignation and a protest in Charlotte. If George Sand is her senior contemporary – demands for the woman of freedom in the choice of darling, Bronte goes much further and in all the books stands up for the right of the woman for choice of profession and independent situation in society. Charlotte's indignation against injustice of position of the woman in modern society has determined by her images of her heroines subsequently.

The first edition of the novel completely was called: "Jane Eyre. The autobiography", but the man's pseudonym protected Charlotte Bronte from attempts of an identification of the heroine with the author. Despite really existing prototype, it is possible to notice in Jane Eyre's image autobiographical elements, but more likely moral and ethical, spiritual character. Nevertheless it is worth comparing internal qualities of the author of the novel and its heroine.

Charlotte Bronte was proud, ambitious, sincere, had extremely the developed self-respect which sometimes as if would like to prigolit purely Christian humility – but not humility of mind. She is clever and very much appreciates mind in herself and others. She is grateful to god for abilities, talent and is able to respect talent others. She isn't dependent, freedom-loving and rebellious spirit, is honest and straight, courageous, a stoichna even in hopelessness. The literary talent for her is first of all a way to independent and more or less safe existence. Practicalness in affairs wasn't alien to Charlotte Bronte. Timid, shy, sometimes in panic lost at strangers, she was a born fighter: "Life – fight, and all of us have to fight". Such is and her Jane Eyre.

Romanticism and realism in Charlotte Bronte's novel "Jane Eyre". Artistic touches in realization of system of the conflicts.The novel "Jane Eyre" is typical for the English literature of the 1840th, with synthesis of lines of romanticism inherent in him and realism. Сh. Bronte of "Jane Eyre" is a synthesis of romanticism and realism. The plot of the novel is connected with long romantic tradition: he isn't really plausible though in it also a peculiar charm is hidden. Reading Gothic novels and works of romantics has affected. The lock of Rochester hiding gloomy secret, sudden appearance of the awful woman, the interrupted wedding the rich fortune come by the heroine, the fire in which the wife of Rochester and its lock perishes, at last, the happy end – all this quite corresponds to canons of the fascinating, romantic novel.

But Сh. Bronte remains the realist in the most important – in the truthful and typical image of the social environment, the social relations and human characters. The most repellent and grotesque image in the novel – the priest Broklkherst, "trustee" and, in effect, the murderer of orphan girls at Lovudsky school. Idealized images of priests, mild and alien to self-interest, flooding the Victorian literature, are rejected by Сh. Bronte who was well knowing the clerical environment.

Both the realistic and romantic principles of the letter are combined here. All collapse of hopes for implementation of the union of the heroine connected in the novel with the image of the birth and development of feeling of Jane to Rochester, and also with darling, has high emotional potential and is executed by the author under obvious influence romantic Byron's poems and the "Gothic" novel (more true, receptions, the general for different gothic styles options).

Romanticism and "gothic style", on the one hand, almost painful sensuality – with another, have been generated by the subject and Bronte's attitude towards her: the description of huge feeling of Jane to Rochester – strained to the last limit, almost violent, the choice of the hero with unusual destiny, passionate, gloomy and as can seem at first, fateful.

Truthfulness of the image in "Jane Eyre" was organically combined with fiction. "In dispute with the theorist of the English naturalism D. G. Lewis Charlotte Bronte asserts the right of the writer for use of imagination – "powerful and uneasy creative ability", and it pulls together Bronte's esthetics with a romanticism esthetics"

"First stage of everyday education of Jane: (the child who was born as a result of marriage objectionable to a family of rich parents of mother), her stay in the house of the aunt Mrs. Read - the rich aristocrat mad about aristocratic traditions, but above all loving money, at last, Jane's revolt against Mrs. Read and the subsequent exile of the girl from the house Ridov, the image of Mrs. Read, as well as images of her beloved daughters and the son, are written with big gloss of realistic drawing" – V. V. Ivasheva

The romantic beginning is shown in receptions of composition of the novel – in unexpected turns of a plot, in an innuendo, mystery of motivations of events. Supernatural forces interfere with love of Rochester and Jane. They are shown when by Jane, having already agreed to accept arguments of Saint John and to marry it, hears an invocatory voice of Rochester for many miles: "All the house was still; I saw nothing: but I herd a voice somewhere cry-and it was the voice of a human being – a Known, loved, well-remembered voice – that of Edward Fairfax Rochester; and it spoke in pain and woe wildly, erily, urgently", - so this scene is described by Charlotte Bronte

Jane Eyre – the real loner rebel, however, keeping this romantic beginning in her image, Charlotte Bronte differently than romantics represents the relation of the heroine to the world. Jane is exclusive owing to the internal qualities, but she doesn't oppose herself to the world at all.

Speaking about a ratio of realism and romanticism in Charlotte Bronte's creativity, it is impossible to represent development of her creativity out of the all-European process of competition of two creative methods of the image of life – romantic and realistic, competition in which, as we know, the victory was won by realism and its tradition, critical in relation to social reality.

"The novel of Charlotte Bronte of "Jane Eyre" has big informative and esthetic force as work of critical realism" – V. V. Ivasheva

CONCLUSION

Summing up the results of our research, we emphasize that Charlotte Bronte's creativity is animated by pathos of a protest against social injustice and unequal position of the woman in bourgeois society. In Sh. Bronte's novels the spirit of fight in society is truthfully reproduced, they force to doubt justice, rationality and competency of really developed relations between those who by the situation have to submit, but refuses to do it. In honor of Charlotte Bronte is called kraterna Mercury.

Charlotte Bronte is represented on the British stamp of 1980 of pence.

In 1997, the 150 anniversary of issue of the Charlotte Bronte’s novel “Jane Eyre”, royal mail of Great Britain has let out a stamp of 1 page

Our term paper allows to consider an art originality of novels of Charlotte Bronte in the context of history of the English literature of the 19th century. Charlotte Bronte embodies the positive ideals in images of rebels, not persons interested to be reconciled with laws of bourgeois society and the destiny intended to them. This spirit of a protest and active contradiction makes strength of her creativity.

LITERATURES:

1. Lane, Margaret (1953). The Brontë Story: a reconsideration of Mrs. Gaskell's Life of Charlotte Brontë.

2. Alexander, Christine (March 1993). "'That Kingdom of Gloo': Charlotte Brontë, the Annuals and the Gothic". Nineteenth-Century Literature 47 (4): 409–436.

3. Miller, Lucasta (2002). The Brontë Myth. London: Vintage. ISBN 0-09-928714-5.

4. Miller, Lucasta (2005). The Brontë Myth. New York: Anchor. ISBN 978-1400078356.

5. The Cambridge Companion to the Brontës, ed. by Heather Glen, 2003

6. A Brontë Family Chronology, Edward Chitham, 2003

7. The Oxford Companion to the Brontës, ed. by Christine Alexander & Margaret Smith, 2006

8. Fraser, Rebecca (2008). Charlotte Brontë: A Writer's Life (2 ed.). New York: Pegasus Books LLC. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-933648-88-0.

9. Phillips-Evans, James (2012). The Longcrofts: 500 Years of a British Family. Amazon. pp. 260–261. ISBN 978-1481020886.