“Grammatical classes of words“

PRESENTATION
“Grammatical classes of words”

Prepared by: Sadyk Zhazira, Soliyeva
Fatima,Ismail Aida, Khabibulla Sara.
Group: 1703-51
Accepted by: Boranbai A.

Shymkent, 2024

I. Introduction
1. Notional and functional parts of speech

Noun
Pronoun

Plan:

Adjective
Verbs
Adverbs
Prepositions
2.General description of the notion a part
of speech
3. Three criteria: semantic, formal,
functional

II. Conclusion

THYNK UNLIMITED

Parts of speech are classified into notional and
functional parts of speech. Notional parts of
speech possess all three characteristics:
functional, formal and the main-semantic. There
are: the noun, the verb, the pronoun, the
adjective, the numeral, the adverb. The
functional parts of speech are words of
incomplete nominative meaning and non-selfdependent. The basis functional parts of speech
are the preposition, the article, the conjunction,
the particle, the modal words, the interjection.

NOUN
A noun is a word that names something, such as a
person, place, thing, or idea. In a sentence, nouns
can play the role of subject, direct object, indirect
object, subject complement, object complement,
appositive, or modifier

Some noun examples include:
cat
bicycle
Taylor Swift
Kuala Lumpur

Adjective
Adjectives are words that
describe the qualities or states of
being of nouns: enormous,
doglike, silly, yellow, fun,
fast.They can also describe the
quantity of nouns: many, few,
millions, eleven.

1

Absolute adjectives describe something in its
own right.
Example:
A cool guy

Comparative adjectives, unsurprisingly,
make a comparison between two or
things.
2 more
Example:
A more awful situation
A cooler guy

3

Superlative adjectives indicate that
something has the highest degree of the
quality in question.
Example:
The coolest guy

PRONOUN

Pronouns are words (or phrases) you substitute for nouns when your reader
1 to. For example, you
or listener already knows which noun you’re referring
Ата-анадан
алшақтау.
might say, “I have a dog. She’s brown and white.” There’s
no need
to clarify
that you’re describing your dog in the second sentence because you already
mentioned her in the first. By using the pronoun she,
2 you can avoid the
annoying repetition of the dog.
Өзін-өзі және өз жынысын
танып білу.

Personal

I/me, She/her, he/him

Relative

that, which, what, who, whom

demonstrative

3

Indefinite

Өзі үшін өзге адамдардың
әлемін ашу.
one, other, none, some
That, this, these, those

Verbs
— a word used to describe an
action, state, or occurrence,
and forming the main part of
the predicate of a sentence,
For example:
-hear; become; happen;

STATE VERBS
— a state verb is a verb that
expresses a
situation
For example, verbs like be, have,
think, like and own are all state

Types of
Verbs

verbs.

ACTION VERBS
- also called a dynamic verb
describes the action that the subject
of the sentence performs
For example: We traveled to Spain
last summer. My grandfather walks
with a stick.

ADVERBS
Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives,
or other adverbs, typically providing information
about manner, place, time, frequency, degree, or
certainty. Here are some examples:

Manner: She danced gracefully.
Place: He looked everywhere.
Time: They arrived early.
Frequency: He often goes swimming.
Degree: She is extremely talented.
Certainty: Surely, he will come.

Prepositions
Definition
Prepositions are words that typically show the
relationship between nouns or pronouns and
other elements in a sentence. They often indicate
location, direction, time, or relationships.

Examples
The book is on the table.
She walked through the park.
The cat jumped over the fence.
We arrived before the movie started.
The keys are beside the door.
He stood between his two friends.
She found the treasure among the rocks.

THREE CRITERIA: SEMANTIC, FORMAL, FUNCTIONAL
In modern linguistics parts of speech are discriminated on the
basis of three criteria: 1.semantic, 2.formal, 3.functional. The
semantic criteria presopposed the evaluation of the
generalised meaning. This meaning is understood as the
"categorial meaning of the part of speech". The formal
criterion provides for the exposition of the specific inflexional
features of the all lexemic subsets of part of speech. The
functional criterion concerns the semantic role of word in the
sentenses typical of the part of speech.

Affixation(Derivation)

ТУАТЫН ҚЫЗМЕТТІҢ ТҮРІНЕ
БАЙЛАНЫСТЫ

Проприорецепті

Вегетативтік

Жүйке талшықтары

“General description of the notion a part of speech”
THYNK UNLIMITED

The words of language, depending on various formal and
semantic features, are divided into grammatically relevant sets
or classes. The traditional grammatical classes of words are
called "parts of speech". Since the word si distinguished not
only by grammatical, but also by semantico-lexemic
properties, some scholars refer ot parts of speechas "lexicogrammatical" series of words, or as "lexicogrammatical
categories" . It should be noted that the term part of spech"is
purely traditional and conventional, it can't be taken as in any
way defining or explanatory. This name was introduced in the
grammatical teaching of Ancient Greece, where the concept of
the sentence was not yet explicitly identified in distinction ot
the general idea of speech, and where, consequently, no strict
differentiation was drawn between the word as a vocabulary
unit and the word as a functional element of the sentence.

In modern linguistics, parts of speech are
discriminated on the basis of the three
criteria: "semantic", "formal", and
"functional". The semantic criterion
presupposes the evaluation of the
generalised meaning, which is characteristic
of al the subsets of words constituting a
given part of speech. This meaning is
understood as the "categorial meaning of
the part of speech". The formal criterion
provides for the exposition of the specific
inflexional and derivational (word-building)
features of al the lexemic subsets of apart of
speech. The functional criterion concerns
hte syntactic role of words ni the sentence
typical of a part of speech. The said three
factors of categorial characterisation of
words are conventionaly referred ot as,
respectively, "meaning", "form", and
"function".

Conclusion

The word-formation process is the process
by which new words are produced either
by modification of existing words or by
complete innovation, which in turn become
a part of the language. All ways of forming
new words can be classified into two big
groups: major and minor types of creating
new words.

THANK YOU
FOR YOUR
ATTENTION!