SCIENCE WORK

The theme:

«Fast Fashion»

2023-2024 academic year

PLAN:

Introduction

MAIN PART

2.1. Нow fast fashion appeared

2.2. Facts that will help you better understand what fast fashion means

2.3. Environmental impact

2.4. Forecast for the future of fast fashion

PRACTICAL PART

Conclusion

Bibliography

Қатысушының аты-жөні: Сыдықова Аружан Төлеужанқызы

Облысы: Абай облысы

Мектебі: Абай облысы білім басқармасының Аягөз ауданы

білім бөлімінің «Т.Есімжанов атындағы жалпы

орта білім беретін мектебі» КММ

Сыныбы: 8

Жетекшінің аты-жөні: Гайнутдинова Сания Гавдильмажитовна

Аннотация

Научно-исследовательский проект посвящен изучению феномена “быстрой моды” - массового производства и потребления одежды в условиях постоянно меняющихся трендов и краткосрочных циклов моды. Данное явление стало неотъемлемой частью современной культуры потребления, однако оно также несет в себе серьезные экологические и социальные последствия.

В рамках проекта будут рассмотрены основные причины популярности “быстрой моды”, а также ее влияние на природные ресурсы, экологию и устойчивость развития. Особое внимание будет уделено анализу социальных аспектов данного явления, включая гендерные вопросы, неравенство и влияние на малый бизнес.

Исследование будет основано на анализе научных статей, статистических данных, экспертных интервью и социологических опросов. Результаты проекта позволят получить более глубокое понимание экологических и социальных вызовов, связанных с массовой культурой потребления, а также предложить возможные пути решения этих проблем.

Annotation

The research project is dedicated to the study of the phenomenon of “fast fashion” - the mass production and consumption of clothing in conditions of constantly changing trends and short-term fashion cycles. This phenomenon has become an integral part of modern consumer culture, but it also carries serious environmental and social consequences.

The project will examine the main reasons for the popularity of “fast fashion”, as well as its impact on natural resources, ecology and sustainability of development. Special attention will be paid to the analysis of the social aspects of this phenomenon, including gender issues, inequality and the impact on small businesses.

The research will be based on the analysis of scientific articles, statistical data, expert interviews and opinion polls. The results of the project will provide a deeper understanding of the environmental and social challenges associated with mass consumer culture, as well as suggest possible solutions to these problems.

Андатпа

Ғылыми-зерттеу жобасы "жылдам сән" құбылысын - үнемі өзгеріп отыратын трендтер мен қысқа мерзімді сән циклдары жағдайында киімді жаппай өндіру мен тұтынуды зерттеуге арналған. Бұл құбылыс қазіргі тұтыну мәдениетінің ажырамас бөлігіне айналды, бірақ ол сонымен бірге елеулі экологиялық және әлеуметтік салдарға әкеледі.

Жоба аясында "жылдам сәннің" танымалдылығының негізгі себептері, сондай-ақ оның табиғи ресурстарға, экологияға және дамудың тұрақтылығына әсері қарастырылады. Бұл құбылыстың әлеуметтік аспектілерін, соның ішінде гендерлік мәселелерді, теңсіздіктерді және шағын бизнеске әсерін талдауға ерекше назар аударылатын болады.

Зерттеу ғылыми мақалаларды, статистикалық деректерді, сараптамалық сұхбаттарды және әлеуметтанулық сауалнамаларды талдауға негізделеді. Жобаның нәтижелері тұтынудың танымал мәдениетімен байланысты экологиялық және әлеуметтік сын-қатерлерді тереңірек түсінуге, сондай-ақ осы мәселелерді шешудің мүмкін жолдарын ұсынуға мүмкіндік береді.

Introduction

Following fashion trends in modern society has turned into an ultramarathon without a finish. Constantly changing styles, innovations in fashion happen so often that you can't be sure of anything, even yourself.

Previously, buying clothes was an event — something that happened 3-4 times a year, when the seasons changed, grew out of what it was.

About 20 years ago, the attitude changed. Clothes have become cheaper, trend cycles have accelerated, and shopping has become a hobby. Stores sell cool fashionable clothes that you can buy cheap, put on several times, and then throw away.bystraya-moda-chto-eto-takoe

Suddenly, everyone could afford to dress like a celebrity, or wear the latest models, fresh off the catwalk. Few people think about how this affects people and the environment.

The first bell rang in 2013, when a complex for the production of clothing in Bangladesh collapsed and killed more than a thousand people. Consumers began to doubt whether it was necessary to change clothes so often when buying cheap things.

The term Fast Fashion refers to the business model of the fashion industry, in which as many collections as possible are launched in the shortest possible time. Clothing collections are based on the latest trends of famous fashion designers and fashion designers, which are then imitated in a short time and mass-produced from low-quality materials.

Such models are affordable to meet consumer demand. Large fast fashion retailers often present new products within one week.

The idea is to make it as fast as possible:

Bring the latest models to market;

Sell at the peak of popularity.

Then force the consumer to abandon them by wearing them several times, and buy the latest novelties again. The idea is imposed that if you want to look fashionable and modern, you should wear the latest designs as they appear.

All of the above explains the relevance of this work.

The purpose of the project: To study the impact of the phenomenon of “fast fashion” on the environment, economy and society, as well as to develop recommendations to reduce its negative consequences.

Tasks of the scientific project:

Develop recommendations to reduce the negative impact of “fast fashion" on the environment and society.

Evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed recommendations and identify opportunities for their implementation in practice.

To analyze the impact of “fast fashion” on the environment, including greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution and the use of natural resources.

Hypothesis: “Fast fashion” has a significant negative impact on the environment, economy and social relations, and to reduce this impact, it is necessary to develop and implement a set of measures aimed at changing consumer habits and stimulating sustainable clothing production.

The scientific novelty of this study lies in a comprehensive approach to the study of the phenomenon of "fast fashion", which has not previously been the subject of detailed analysis. The study will identify the main factors contributing to the spread of "fast fashion", as well as identify its most significant environmental and socio-economic consequences. Based on the data obtained, recommendations will be proposed to reduce the negative effects of "fast fashion" and transition to more sustainable production and consumption models.

Object of research: Fast Fashion

Subject of research: the impact of fast fashion on our world

MAIN PART

2.1. Нow fast fashion appeared

Until the middle of the XX century, the fashion industry lived in the mode of four seasons a year, companies produced 2 collections – Autumn / Winter and Spring /Summer. The designers worked ahead of the curve. They planned each season and predicted the styles that they thought would be trending. A methodical approach to work distanced designers from consumers. Fashion was accessible to high society, it was limited by strict rules that had to be observed.

In the 1960s, Scott Paper Company's timely marketing campaign to promote paper clothing (composition: 93% paper, 7% viscose) showed that consumers are ready for fast fashion. This has led to an acceleration in the pace of development of the fashion industry and a reduction in production costs. However, fast fashion reached the point of no return after several decades. According to the Sunday Style Times, "the new trend was particularly pronounced in the popularity of the boho-chic style in the mid-2000s."

Today, fast fashion brands produce about 51 "micro-seasons" per year or one "collection" per week. According to the author of the book Overdressed – Elizabeth Kline – it all started at the moment when Zara switched to delivering new products every two weeks. Since then, the practice has taken root – there is always a large stock of products in stores, and brands do not have to worry that customers will empty all the shelves. By replicating streetwear and copying the trends of fashion weeks in real time, fast fashion companies create new coveted styles weekly, if not daily. The result is a huge amount of clothing produced and available to customers, and the variety ensures that the goods do not get boring and are always relevant.

To understand how fast fashion has become, we need to rewind a little.

1. Fashion was slow until the 1800s. People needed to find their own materials, prepare them, weave fabric from them, and then sew clothes.

2. The Industrial Revolution introduced new technologies - it became easier, faster and cheaper to sew clothes. There were ateliers for sewing wardrobe items for the middle class.

Many of these sewing workshops used sewing teams or homeworkers. Around the same time, sweatshops appeared - productions where people worked in unsafe conditions and for low wages. Such productions still exist. They are also one of the reasons why clothes in the mass market are so affordable: people whose hands sewn them are paid pennies. I wrote more about it in this article.

The first serious disaster at a garment factory was a fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist factory in New York in 1911. It claimed the lives of 146 seamstress workers, many of whom were young immigrants.

3. By the 1960s and 70s, young people were creating new trends, and clothing became a form of personal expression. However, the difference between high and ordinary fashion still existed.

4. In the late 1990s and 2000s, the fashion for inexpensive goods reached its apogee. Online stores began to gain momentum, and brands such as H&M, Zara and Topshop captured the market. They copied design elements from leading fashion houses and reproduced them quickly and cheaply.

Now that everyone can afford to shop for fashionable clothes, it's easy to understand how this phenomenon - fast fashion - has caught on.

I think it won't be difficult for anyone to define a "fast brand".

But still, let's see how to recognize it.

Some key factors are common to fast fashion brands:

Thousands of styles that touch on all the latest trends.

An extremely short period of time between the appearance of a trend or clothing on the catwalk or in the media, and its appearance on the shelves.

Production in another country (Bangladesh, Vietnam, India, China), where labor is the cheapest.

A limited quantity of a certain item of clothing - this idea belongs to Zara. Since new products appear in the store every few days, customers know that if they don't buy what they like, they will probably miss their chance.

Cheap low-quality materials, such as polyester, because of which clothes deteriorate after a few socks and are thrown away.

Fast-changing collections, usually once every 2 weeks.

Fast fashion is not just about Zara and H&M. Our Russian mass market operates on the same model - Ostin, Gloria Jeans, Zola.

Brands above the average price segment, such as Michael Kors, Lacoste, Tom Tailor and so on, are also representatives of such fashion.

2.2. Facts that will help you better understand what fast fashion means

According to Forbes, 150 billion things are produced annually, which is 400% more than in 2000.

Over the past 15 years, the period of use of clothing has been reduced by 5 times.

97% of all clothing sold in developed countries is produced in third world countries. The factories employ more than 40 million people, and the average monthly income of each employee is $ 100.

70 million barrels of oil are used for the production of synthetic materials every year. The main product – polyester – takes about 200 years to decompose.

20% of the purchased clothes do not get out of the closets, i.e. every fifth thing is thrown away without a single sock.

7,000 liters of water is required to produce a pair of jeans, this amount is equivalent to the consumption of water by one person for 5-6 years.

Almost 90% of cotton is grown using toxic chemicals that poison wastewater.

Only 1 thing out of 10 is given up for recycling or resold, the rest are filled with landfills.

85% of ocean plastic pollution actually accounts for microparticles from synthetic fabrics.

By 2030, fast fashion brands will double the discharge of chemicals into wastewater, greenhouse gas emissions and the use of natural resources.

Every year, the production of viscose and similar artificial materials requires cutting down 70 million trees.

Which brands belong to fast fashion?

And now let's talk in more detail about which brands create the fast fashion industry.

The oldest giant of fast fashion is considered to be H&M. The company opened in Sweden in 1947, by the end of the 1970s it had reached London, and by 2000 it had already captured the US market.

This is followed by Zara, which opened the doors of the first store in Northern Spain in 1975. In the early 90s, the company entered the New York market, it was then that people first heard the term "fast fashion". It was invented by the New York Times newspaper in an attempt to describe Zara's approach – 15 days to complete all stages of the release of a new collection: from the design stage to sale in stores.

Other major players were UNIQLO, GAP, Primark and TopShop. Once they were distinguished by the lowest prices, the industry was sure that it was impossible to sell clothes cheaper.

Today we see cheaper and faster–to-produce alternatives - Forever 21, Zaful, Boohoo and Fashion Nova.

2.3. Environmental impact

Today, fast fashion brands produce about 52 "micro-seasons" per year. This means at least one new "collection" every week.

The impact of "fast" fashion on the planet is huge. The desire to reduce costs, accelerate production means that environmental corners are more likely to be reduced.

The negative impact of "fast" fashion includes the use of cheap toxic dyes for textiles, which makes the fashion industry the second largest polluter of clean water in the world after agriculture.

Greenpeace has been putting pressure on brands for many years to get rid of dangerous chemicals.

The problem is that fashion, the way clothes are constantly:

Produced;

Moving forward;

Consumed

kills the planet.

Due to constantly new trends and, as a result, the growth of collections that are constantly changing every year, the global textile production doubled from 2000 to 2014.

Artificial fibers, such as polyester, are most often used in "fast" fashion. Such materials are harmful to the environment, as they are made of crude oil and carbon dioxide is released during production.

In 2015, greenhouse gas emissions from global textile production amounted to 1.2 billion tons of CO2, which is more than emissions from all international flights and shipping combined.

The water consumption for cotton production per T-shirt is 2,700 liters, which is enough for one person to drink for 900 days.

Chemicals also pollute the waters in the seas and rivers. When washing clothes in the washing machine, tiny fibers fall into the sea in the form of microparticles of plastic.

But even "natural fabrics" can become a problem on the scale of fast fashion. Growing cotton requires the consumption of a huge amount of water, pesticides.

This leads to the risk of drought, creates pressure on water basins, as well as competition for resources between companies and local communities.

Constant speed and demand mean that the burden on other environmental problems increases, such as:

Land clearing;

Biodiversity;

Soil quality.

Leather dressing is also harmful to the environment. For every 900 kilograms of tanned hides, 300 kilograms of chemicals are consumed.

The speed of clothing production means that consumers are throwing away more and more clothes, creating a huge amount of textile waste.

Violation of workers' rights

In addition to environmental costs, there are also human costs. In this regard, "fast" fashion is also often criticized. Large production is provided at the expense of the environment and workers.

As it turned out, seamstresses work in many factories:

In dangerous conditions;

For a low salary;

With violation of the rights of employees.

Next in the supply chain are farmers who work with toxic substances:

Chemical fertilizers;

Pesticides;

Herbicides.

The effects of these substances have a devastating effect on physical and mental health.

"Fast" fashion also affects animals:

Toxic dyes entering reservoirs;

Microfibres.

On animal farms, animals are kept in terrible conditions in order to reduce the cost of cultivation, dressing and, ultimately, the finished product.

Finally, on the consumers themselves. Encouraging the purchase of disposable products, a rapid change in trends, they are forced to buy more goods to follow the latest fashion trends.

The popular Zara set the tone by switching to two-week deliveries of new products. Now it is rare that a mass market company does not update models once a week.

2.4. Forecast for the future of fast fashion

Major fast fashion players

Most of the companies that fall under the category of "fast fashion" are currently reproducing the trends of streetwear and fashion weeks in real time. Order fulfillment can often take less than a couple of weeks.

Many retailers that are now known as major players in the field of fast fashion, such as Zara or H&M, started their activities in Europe as small stores.

Technically, H&M is the oldest of the fast fashion giants, opened in Sweden under the name Hennes in 1947. In 1976, he opened a branch in London and in the early 2000s came to the USA.

This is followed by Zara, which opened its first branch in Spain in 1975. Already 15 years later, in the early 1990s - in New York. The appearance of the term "fast fashion" is connected with Zara. This is how the New York Times described the production of clothing by the company from design to sale in the store. The cycle took 15 days.

Other major brands include:

UNIQLO;

GAP;

Primark;

TopShop.

In recent years, even cheaper and faster ones have appeared:

Missguided;

Forever 21;

Zaful;

Boohoo.

Can fast fashion be friendly

As the number of consumers who are aware of the true value of the fashion industry, and especially of "fast fashion", is growing, retailers are starting to introduce environmentally friendly and ethical fashion initiatives. There is a reception for the disposal of unnecessary things in stores.

However, only one-tenth of a percent of clothing collected by charities and return programs is recycled into new textile fiber.

The real problem of "fast fashion" is the speed of production. Recycling and small ranges of eco-clothing are not enough to withstand the "throw-away culture", waste, stress on natural resources and other problems created by "fast" fashion. The system needs to be changed.

Is fast fashion in danger of decline

Some changes in the "fast fashion" are felt. There are growing movements against the use of people's clothes for the sake of destroying nature.

A generation is growing up, which is called millennials – the driving force of the future economy. Some argue that this generation is becoming too smart for mindless consumption. Forces manufacturers to become more ethical, inclusive, liberal.

There is also a growing interest in the transition to a circular model of textile production, the reuse of materials. In 2018, Vogue Australia Elle UK magazines devoted entire issues to sustainable fashion. This trend is supported every year by a large number of big names.

Personal contribution of everyone

The phrase of the British designer Vivienne Westwood: "Buy less, choose quality to wear for a long time" has become a unifying symbol. Buying less is the first thing anyone can do. Creating a capsule wardrobe is the first thing to think about.

It is difficult to choose an environmentally friendly fabric, since all types of fibers have pros and cons. But still give preference:

Denim;

Cotton;

Flax;

Wool

and other natural fibers.

Finally, wear clothes until they wear out.

Slow fashion is a movement towards deliberate, conscious, reasonable purchases. There are brands, communities and individuals who fight for the safety of the Earth and people. Buying clothes from such manufacturers means that the buyer has:

Freedom of choice;

The right to buy a quality product;

Confidence in the protection of workers' rights.

Search and buy from companies:

Those engaged in eco-fashion, who strive to produce clothes using environmentally friendly methods, use recycled materials;

Domestic small brands striving to create a culture of sustainable development, producing less from the very beginning;

They use strategies such as custom production, so they don't produce more than they sell in order to reduce the amount of waste.

And most importantly, they develop clothes of the highest quality, providing strength and durability.

The practical part

To protect the planet from the negative influence of “fast fashion”, you can take the following steps:

Encourage conscious consumption: People should strive for a more rational use of resources and reduce the amount of waste. This can be done, for example, by buying more durable and high-quality clothes that can be worn longer.

To develop ecological production: Companies should strive to reduce their ecological footprint by using more environmentally friendly materials and technologies.

Implement sustainable production methods: Clothing manufacturers should use more sustainable methods, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions and saving water resources.

Promote ecological fashion: Designers and brands should create collections that combine style and environmental friendliness. For example, use recycled materials or create clothes that can be easily recycled after the end of their service life.

Education and awareness: It is important to disseminate information about the problems of “fast fashion” and its impact on the environment. This will help people to realize the problem and take measures to solve it.

I decided to conduct a survey among the students of our school. 30 students of our school took part in the survey

How often do you buy new clothes?

a) Every week b) Every month -11 c) Several times a year - 13 d) Less than once a year - 6

What is more important to you when choosing clothes?

a) Fashion - 4 b) Quality – 7 c) Price - 10 d) Convenience - 5 e) All of the above - 4

How important do you think it is to be environmentally conscious when choosing clothes?

a) Very important - 24 b) Important - 6 c) Not very important d) Not important

Are you willing to pay more for clothes made from environmentally friendly materials?

a) Yes, ready 11 b) No, not ready - 19

What do you think needs to be done to reduce the negative impact of fast fashion on the environment?

What do you think needs to be done to reduce the negative impact of fast fashion on the environment?

According to some students, the government should control the entire process of clothing production in fast fashion companies. Many schoolchildren showed awareness and said that the source of all problems is people themselves, that we need to start with ourselves and reduce trips to clothing stores. There were schoolchildren who thought that it was necessary to build a shopping center like in the big cities of Kazakhstan, so that buyers would have a choice. And of course, there was an opinion that high-quality clothing is more expensive than the clothes produced by the same fast fashion companies; here, as they say, it’s a double-edged sword.

Conclusion

In conclusion, we can say that “fast fashion” is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that has both positive and negative sides. On the one hand, it promotes economic growth and job creation, and also allows consumers to quickly update their wardrobe in accordance with fashion trends. However, on the other hand, “fast fashion” also leads to negative consequences, such as depletion of natural resources, environmental pollution and social inequality.

To solve these problems, it is necessary to take measures at various levels - from individual consumers to manufacturers and governments. Consumers should strive for conscious consumption, choose durable and high-quality products, and support brands and manufacturers that pay attention to environmental friendliness and social responsibility. Manufacturers should also pay more attention to sustainable production methods and use environmentally friendly materials.

Governments should develop and implement policies aimed at supporting sustainable production and consumption, as well as creating incentives for the transition to more environmentally friendly models. In general, to solve the problem of “fast fashion”, a comprehensive and systematic approach is needed that will take into account all aspects of this phenomenon and will allow finding a balance between economic benefits and environmental sustainability.

List of literature

1. Choi, T.M. 2014. Fast fashion systems: theories and applications. London: Taylor & Francis Group.

2. Chi, T. 2006. A study of relationships between business environment characteristics. Greensboro: The University of North Carolina.

3. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions. 2008. EU textiles and clothing sector: location decisions. Dublin: EMCC.

4. Fernie, J. and Sparks, L. 2014. Logistics and retail management. Philadelphia: Kogan Page Limited.

5. Read more at: https://www.wepapers.com/samples/example-of-literature-review-on-fast-fashion/

6. Андерсон, Ким. «Альтернативные стратегии быстрой моды ZARA». Обзор AATCC 8.4 (апрель 2008 г.): 33-33. Индекс текстильных технологий. EBSCO.

7. Бейкер, Рози. «Следуя быстрой моде». В магазине (июнь 2008 г.): 37-39. Бизнес-источник завершен. EBSCO.

8. Брюс, Маргарет; Дейли, Люси (2006). «Покупательское поведение в использовании быстрой моды». Журнал модного маркетинга и менеджмента. 10 (3): 329–44. doi : 10.1108 / 13612020610679303.

9. Касабона, Лиза. «Ритейлер Forever 21 столкнулся с множеством судебных исков в отношении дизайна». WWD: Women's Wear Daily 194.15 (23 июля 2007 г.): 12-12. Индекс текстильных технологий. EBSCO.

Appendix 1

Survey questions:

1 question: How many years have you been studying a foreign language?

a) From 1st class b) From 2nd class c) from another class

Question 2: Is it true that there are several varieties of English?

a) Yes b) no c) I don’t know

Question 3: What version of English do you think is taught in most schools in Russia?

a) British b) Australian c) American d) Canadian e) New Zealand

Question 4: What type of English do you think is taught at your school?

a) British b) Australian c) American d) Canadian e) New Zealand

Question 5: The birthplace of modern English is:

a) USA b) UK c) Canada d) Australia e) New Zealand

Question 6: In your opinion, how do the above versions of the English language differ?

a)grammar, vocabulary, phonetics

b) vocabulary, phonetics, spelling

c)grammar, phonetics, spelling

d) grammar, phonetics, spelling, vocabulary

Question 7: Which version of English is the language of international communication?

a) British b) American c) Canadian d) Australian e) New Zealand.

Appendix 2

American version	Перевод на русский	British version
1st Floor	первый этаж	ground floor
2st Floor	второй этаж	1st floor
Administration	правительство	government
Apartment	квартира	flat
Appetizer	закуска	starter
Assignment	домашнее задание	homework
Auditorium	актовый зал	assembly hall
Baggage	багаж	luggage
Basement	подвал	cellar
Bill	банкнота	banknote
Billion	миллиард	milliard
Blue	грустный	sad
Can	консервная банка	tin
Checkers	шашки	draughts
Class	курс обучения	course
Closet	гардероб	wardrobe
Cookie	печенье	biscuit
Corn	кукуруза	maize
Couch	диван	sofa
Druggist	аптекарь	chemist
Elevator	лифт	lift
Eraser	ластик	(india) rubber
Fall	осень	autumn
Fix	ремонтировать	repair
Freeway	шоссе	motorway
Game	матч	match
Gasoline	бензин	petrol
Grade	отметка	mark
Insure	гарантировать	ensure
Intersection, junction	перекресток	cross-roads
Kerosene	керосин	paraffin
Last name	фамилия	surname
Line	очередь	queue
Loan	давать взаймы	lend
Located	расположенный	situated
Magician	фокусник	conjurer
Mail	почта	post
Metro/subway	метро	tube/underground
Movies	кинотеатр	cinema
Napkin	салфетка	serviette
Oatmeal	овсяная каша	porridge
Package	пакет, посылка	parcel
Pantry	кладовая	larder
Pants	брюки	trousers
Paraffin	парафин	white wax
Pavement	мостовая	road
Pool	бильярд	billiards
President	председатель	chairman
Quiz	контрольная, тест	test, exam
Raisin	изюм	sultana
Reserve	заказать	book
Schedule	расписание	timetable
Sewer/soil pipe	сточная труба	drain
Shop	магазин	store
Shorts	шорты	briefs
Shot	инъекция	jab
Sidewalk	тротуар	pavement
Soccer	футбол	football
Streetcar	трамвай	tram
Tag	этикетка	label
Taxes	налоги	rates
Term paper	курсовая работа	essay/project
Truck	грузовик	lorry
Two weeks	две недели	fortnight
Underpass	подземный переход	subway
Vacation	каникулы	holiday
Vacuum cleaner	пылесос	hoover
Wharf	причал	quay
Wire	телеграмма	telegram
Wrench	гаечный ключ	spanner
Zee	буква Z	zed
Zip code	почтовый индекс	postal code