TEXTBOOK

C H O — _{NAN 0}

Kanat 8aikenov Temirlan Khassen Nurbolat Zhumagulov Dauren Kaliyev Olzhas Yussnpov

A by lay S amatov Abdrfrrahman Sel Ali for

Approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan

CHEMISTRY

Grade 9

1' EOJTION

ACTAI-IA

Astana 2018

UOC 373 167.1

LBC 24 a 72 Ch S1

K. Baikenov

OJEXtISTAY, Glade 9: Tex&oak / Kanat Baikenov, TemidBo Khassg , Nurbolat Ch S1 Zhumagulov, Dauren Kaliyev, Olzhas Yussupov, Abyby Samatov, Abdurrahman

Sel, Ali Tor

— Almaty: Aczaua-Kilan, 176 p. - 2018 ISBN 978-601-7415-83-9

UDC 373.167.1

LBC 24 n 72

PREFACE

Natural science is an exciting and very useful subject. This textbook will show you all the beauty of it and will help you become true explorers. The main aim of this book is to answer the fundamental question: “What is science and what is its importance in our life?”

Starting from the first pages, you will realise that this textbook is completely different from any other usual textbook full of theoretical passages and formulas. Every chapter contains useful information, curious facts, tasks for individual and group work. You will also learn how to conduct research and experiments yourselves, search for information, make your own discoveries.

One more valuable feature of this textbook is the language. Every sentence has been carefully chosen so that it is not difficult for you to understand science in the English language. Each page contains translations of all the important terms, both in Kazakh and Russian. This textbook will not only help you improve your English, but it will also make you a part of a big international science community.

Please pay attention to the structure of this textbook. Remember: a textbook is no longer the only source of information in the modern world. With the help of carefully selected tasks, you are going to learn such important skills as critical thinking, problem solving, information analysis, creativity, imagination, teamwork, digital literacy etc.

If you have any questions, suggestions or ideas regarding the contents of this book, please feel free to contact us:

via email: admin@astanakitap.kz

via telegram app: @astanakitap

Best regards, team of authors, “Астана-кітап”

Contents

Preface

Chapter 1. Electrolytic dissosiation

1. Electrolytes and nonelectrolytes

2. Dissociation of acids, bases and salts

3. The degree of dissociation. Strong and weak electrolytes

4. Ionic double displacement reactions

5. Chemical properties of acids, bases and salts

6. Hydrolysis of salts

Chapter 2. Qualitative analysis of inorganic compounds 1. Qualitative reactions for cations

2. Qualitative reactions for anions

2. Qualitative analysis of unknown salt solution

2. Chemical calculations on limitimg reagent problems

Chapter 3. Qualitative analysis of inorganic compounds 1. Qualitative reactions for cations

2. Temperature and concentration effects

2. Pressure effects. Catalysts and inhibitors

Chapter 4. Chemical equilibrium 1. Chemical equilibrium

2. Factors affecting equilibrium

Chapter 5. Oxidation-reduction reactions

1. Oxidation states. Oxidation and reduction processes

2. Oxidation-reduction reactions

3. Balancing redox reactions

Chapter 6. Metals and metal alloys 1. General properties of metals

2. Metal alloys

2. Production of metals

2. Solving exercises with impurities

Chapter 7. 1,2,13 group elements and their compounds 1. Alkali metals and their compounds

2. Alkaline earth metals and their compounds

2. Aluminum and its compounds

2. Solving experimental problems related to metals

Chapter 8. 16,17 group elements, their compounds 1. Halogens

2. Hydrochloric acid

2. Sulfur

2. Compounds of sulfur

2. Sulfuric acid and sulfates

2. Solving problems: Percent yield

Chapter 9. Elements and compounds of 14 and 15 groups 1. Nitrogen

2. Ammonia

2. Nitric acid

2. Specific properties of nitric acid and nitrates

2. Phosphorus and its compounds

2. Fertilizers

2. Silicon and its compounds

3. Silicates. Silicate industry

Chapter 10. Macro- and micro elements in human body and environment

1. The chemical composition of the human body

2. Important nutrition in your food

3. Heavy metals

Chapter 11. Introduction to Organic Chemistry

1. Introduction to organic chemistry. Classification of organic compounds

2. Homologous series of organic compounds

3. Isomerism

4. Chemical calculation: Determinig formulas

Chapter 12. Hydrocarbons. Fuels 1. Alkanes

2. Alkenes

2. Alkynes

2. Aromatic hydrocarbons

2. Hydrocarbon fuels. Oil industry

Chapter 13. Oxygen and Nitrogen containing organic compounds 1. Alcohols

2. Carboxylic acids

2. Esters and fats

2. Aminoacids. Proteins

2. Soap and synthetic detergents

2. Carbohydrates

Answers

Solubility table Periodic Table Glossary

References

CHAPTER 1: ELECTROLYTIC DISSOCIATION

1. ELECTROLYTES AND NONELECTROLYTES

How does a human body conduct an electric current?

You will:

know what electrolytes and nonelectrolytes are; explain the dependence of electrical conductivity on a type of chemical bond;

know the electrolytic dissociation theory; understand the mechanism of electrolytic dissociation.

The conductivity of a solution depends on the solute. The more ions a solution contains, the greater its conductivity. Substances which dissolve in water by producing ions are called electrolytes. Solutions of electrolytes conduct electricity due to ions.

However, nonelectrolytes do not form ions in solution. Therefore, they do not conduct electricity.

How does a car battery work?

A car battery is a device used to power lighting, accessories and other electrical systems. The main components of the car battery are sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and lead (Pb) plate. Sulfuric acid is a strong acid and a good conductor of electricity.

Car battery

In 1897 Svante Arrhenius introduced his electrolytic dissociation theory that explained the properties of electrolytes. Postulates of Arrhenius theory:

1. Molecules of electrolytes (acids, bases, and salts) dissociate into oppositely charged ions:

2. Electrolytes (molten compounds) conduct electric current due to produced ions. This is the mechanism of electrolytic dissociation.

Keep in mind:

Electrolytic dissociation - the separation of a compound into ions in water.

Electrolytes form electrically conducting solutions in water due to produced ions.

Nonelectrolytes do not conduct electric current because of absence of ions.

Literacy

1. Why do table salt solutions conduct electricity well, while sugar solutions do not?

2. What is the difference between tap water and distilled water? Which of these two solutions conducts electricity? Why?

3. Which of the followings are electrolytes?

Demonstration

№ 1. Electrolytic dissociation of ionic and covalent

compounds. Materials:

beaker 250 ml (4), 6V bulb, plug-in bulb mouth, steel electrode (2), crocodile leads (2), power supply (12V), acetic acid (vinegar) solution, copper sulfate solution, sugar solution, distilled water.

Procedure:

• Pour distilled water, copper sulfate, vinegar and sugar solutions into four different 250 ml beakers.

• Arrange the circuit as shown in the fi gure for distilled water.

• Switch the power supply to 6V. Observe if the bulb is lightening or not. Record your observation.

• Place the electrodes in copper sulfate, acetic acid, sugar solutions and repeat.

Write your observations on the conductivity table below:

Observation & questions:

Terminology

solute - ерiген зат / растворенное вещество; solution - ерітінді / раствор;