Ordabasy

School : B.Bibolatuly.

Theme of science project: Travel of the Ordabasy

Section: History.

The author: Absattar Arailym

Supervisor: Ibragimova D.B.

Shimkent-2024

Plan

Mountain the Ordabasy....................................................................................3

Travel of the Ordabasy……………….………...............................................12

Kazakhstan history.............................................................................................15

Referens.............................................................................................................20

Аннотация

Ордабасы – Түркістан облысы, Ордабасы ауданындағы таулы өңір. Ордабасы тауының қойнауында 1726 жылы Орда тігіліп, қазақтың үш жүзінің игі жақсыларының басы қосылып, жоңғар басқыншылығына қарсы күреске халықты жұмылдыру жайы талқыланды. Бұл жиын-қазақ елі тарихындағы аса ауыр сын кезінде, халықтың рухын көтеріп, ұлттық намыстың отын жаққан, жүрекке жігер, бойға қуат беріп, алдағы ұлы шайқастарға бір­тұтас ел болып аттанудың тағдырын шеш­кен аса маңызды оқиға болып саналады. Осы кезден бастап-ақ, ол киелі, әулиелі жер саналып келеді. "Күлтөбенің басында күнде жиын"-деген сөз сол заманнан қалған.

Сол жолы біртұтас қазақ әскері құрылып, Бас қолбасшы сайланды. Батырлығы, әдіс-айласы, соғыс тәсіліне жетіктігімен танылған кіші жүз ханы Әбілқайыр - үш жүздің біріккен қазақ жасағына Бас қолбасшы болды. Ордабасыдағы сол баталасу - бәтуәлі болды. Қазақ жеңіске жетті. Жоңғардан ел азат етілді. Одан кейін де ұлт басына талай нәубет төнді. Қазақ талай мәрте қару ұстап, атқа қонды. Ұзақ жүріп, тайталаспен, жанталаспен жүріп, Тәуелсіздікке де ие болды. Ордабасы тауы-қазақ елі үшін береке-бірліктің бастауы іспетті.  Бұл тауға зиярат етушілер Жаратушы Құдіреттен: «Еліме, жұртыма, әулетіме, отбасыма береке-бірлік бер, заманымыз тыныш болсын, өміріміз бейбіт болсын», – деген тілек тілеп барады.

Аннотация

Ордабасы — священное, сакральное для казахов место (земля) — местность на левобережье долины реки Бадам близ города Туркестана, где в 1726 году во время Казахско-джунгарской войны состоялось собрание представителей казахских жузов, которые приняли решение об организации народного ополчения.

Джунгарское нашествие 1723-1725 годов в казахской истории получило название «Актабан шубырынды» — это было время лишений и годы скитаний. В 1726 году, поздней осенью, на левобережье долины реки Бадам, притока Арыси, собрались на великий курултай представители всех трех казахских жузов. Именно здесь на Ордабасы бывшие разрозненными многочисленные казахские племена объединились, преодолев все разногласия, чтобы противостоять мощнейшему и опаснейшему захватчику, джунгарам.

Это место обязательно должно было быть отмечено как историческая, культурная и духовная достопримечательность казахского народа.

Annotation

Today the chairman of Ordabasy district court K.Musaev organized a trip of 45 children from low-income families in the national historical and cultural reserve "Ordabasy". They are introduced to the historical sites "Birlik tobe" Saki mounds, monument "Unity" located on Mount Ordabasy.

During familiarization with the national historical and cultural reserve K.Musaev told the children that in 1726 to tackle the great biys of Kazakh people, Tole bi, Kazybek bi and Aiteke bi on Mount Ordabasy was created a united front to fight Dzhungarian invasion. At the suggestion of Kazybek bi Khan of Junior Zhuz Abul Khair was elected chief of the Kazakh army. At the end of the event chairman of Ordabasy district court and the staff of the district mosque handed children memorable gifts.

Mountain the Ordabasy

Every nation has own sacred places due to certain historical reasons. It might be the field or bloody battles in which defined nation's fate, or places where were made decisions that affected to present and future. Ordabasy is one of the sacred places for Kazakhs.

Dzhungars' invasion (1723-1725) in Kazakh history had been called "Aktaban shubyryndy". It was a time of hardship and years of wandering. In 1726, late in the autumn, on the left bank of the river valley Badam, a tributary of Arys, representatives of three Kazakh zhuzes gathered a great kurultay.

All Kazakh tribes united in the Ordabasy by overcoming all disputes and resisted against powerful and dangerous invaders- dzhungars.

This place must be noted as the historical, cultural and spiritual attraction of Kazakh people.

National Historical and Cultural Reserve "Ordabasy" was opened on 1 January 1994. It is located on the left terrace of the river Badam from 40 km to west of Shymkent.

The reserve was established on the basis of historical necropolis "Ordabasy", and as complex and individual archaeological, architectural monuments of Ordabasy area. On the reserve-museum are located 10 monuments with historical and cultural significance.

The total area of the cultural reserve is 1134 ha. Historians and scientists, who conducted the investigation here found cave paintings and ancient burial mounds. All these objects are also included in the reserve.

There is a monument on the top of the mountain Ordabasy which is 28 meters, as a reminder to descendants about the heroic years. Triangular steel lined with slabs of white marble. Each side looks like directed to one part of Kazakhstan: the side of the Syrdarya - to the west, the Karatau Mountains - to the north, the mountains Kazygurt - to the south-east. On each side of the steel were attached tables with the statements of the three great bies.

Memorial was erected in 2001, in the year of the 275th anniversary of the famous kurultai and the 10th anniversary of the independence of Kazakhstan. The authors of the complex were a sculptor A. Mamyrbayev and architect G. Sadyrbaev. The platform is located here, where presidents of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan signed a treaty of eternal friendship in 1993.

A small building in the form of a pyramid is located next to the main entrance to the reserve. Expositions of the museum are interesting archaeological expositions, which was found on the territory of the reserve, and is actively used from ancient times.

The attention is attracted by perfectly preserved Saka's sword akinak, brick with Nestorian Cross and detailed maps, where was shown ways of Kazakh-Dzhungarian war.

Total funds and collections of the museum are 1,376 exhibits.

The original stone construction Bilgetas is located near the museum, which was built in the summer of 1994 by a group of artists from Shymkent. It was supported by initiation of entrepreneur Syzdykov Ural.

Today, the staff of historical and cultural reserve has 25 workers, among them - rangers, scientists, and guides. Ordabasy is annually visited by more than 40,000 tourists. The tourist rush is autumn and spring, as soon as these places are very hot.

Today the chairman of Ordabasy district court K.Musaev organized a trip of 45 children from low-income families in the national historical and cultural reserve "Ordabasy". They are introduced to the historical sites "Birlik tobe" Saki mounds, monument "Unity" located on Mount Ordabasy.

Kazakhstan history

Kazakhstan history tells us that even before our era numerous nomadic tribes inhabited what is now Kazakhstan. The historians of antiquity called them the Saka. For many centuries the land of the Saka was the scene of bloody, devastating wars. And many conquerors had encroached on that land.

In 1218, Mongol-Tatar hordes led by Genghiz Khan invaded Kazakhstan. They swept over the Kazakh land with fire and sword. As a result of those aggressive campaigns Kazakhstan, like the entire Central Asian region, was incorporated in the vast empire of the Mongols known in world history as the Golden Horde.

However, the Golden Horde turned out to be an unstable state. Undermined by internecine wars between the feudal lords and the liberation straggle of the conquered peoples, it eventually disintegrated into separate tribal alliances.

Kazakhstan history - ancient time tribes

By the early Middle Ages, a number of large field-farming oases with a sedentary population appeared in Kazakhstan. Alongside crop farming, it was engaged in horticulture and melon growing. Feudal towns began to emerge in these parts and soon established a brisk trade with neighboring countries such as China, Iran and the states of Central Asia.

In the second half of the 15th century the first Kazakhstan khanates (states) were formed. However, a long time was to pass before Kazakhstan grew into a single political entity.

There were constant wars among the khanates accompanied by the plundering of the population. Feudal disunity and internecine strife hindered the economic and cultural progress and considerably weakened the defense capacity of the Kazakh states.

For nearly a hundred years Kazakhstan people waged a struggle against the Dzungar. The invaders levied heavy taxes on Kazakhs and dealt ruthlessly with anyone who resisted.

According to Kazakhstan history the country was also a victim of constant raids carried out by the Volga Kalmyks. In the south, it was under the threat of invasion by the Central Asian khanates of Khiva, Bokhara and Kokand. Kazakh people were on the brink of complete enslavement and even extermination.

Kazakhstan history - warriors of the Middle-Ages

It was then that Kazakhs appealed for help to their neighbor, Russia, with which they had long been carrying on a lively trade to meet their needs for various consumer goods. In 1731 an act on Kazakhstan’s voluntary accession to Russia was signed.

Despite the colonial policy of Russian government, this was an important step, which opened before the Kazakhs the opportunity of establishing direct economic and cultural links with Russian people. Crop farming began to develop rapidly, industrial enterprises were set up.

In the first half of the 19th century the influence of Russia’s economy on the backward economy of Kazakhstan grew stronger: an increasing number of Kazakhs settled down and took up crop farming.

As the output of agriculture produce rose, Kazakhstan’s trade and economic ties expanded. In the late 19th century capitalism penetrated into agricultural sector, intensifying the process of stratification in the auls (Kazakh villages).

The First World War, which broke out in 1914, brought innumerable calamities to the people of Kazakhstan as to the entire people of Russia. Livestock, fodder and agricultural produce were requisitioned from the Kazakhs. Taxes and levies of all kinds were increased.

According to the history of Kazakhstan after the rebellion of October 1917 the Bolsheviks ignored the ethnic differences of the people and created Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Kazakhstan in present-day Kyrgyzstan. Five years later, in 1925, the Kazakh appellation is reinstated; the Kazakh Autonomous SSR was given a capital - Alma-Ata.

In the 1950s, Nikita Khrushchev decided to use Kazakhstan to showcase Soviet ingenuity in land management and agriculture. As a result, he appointed Leonid Brezhenev First Secretary of Kazakhstan and commissioned him to carry out what was later known as the “Virgin Lands” project.

Helped by Kazakh Dinmukhammad Kunayev and a large number of Kazakh youths, Brezhnev turned the ancestral Kazakh grazing lands into wheat and cotton fields. While this was a major plan for the Soviet Union the project played havoc with the lives of the Kazakhs. Distanced from their major sources of self sufficiency, bread and meat, they became entirely dependent on imports from the rest of the Soviet Union.

The 1960s and 1970s saw the arrival of a different group of Soviets, the technicians who worked the coal and gas deposits and who took charge of the oil industry. This new community, added to the old farming and mining communities, tipped the balance against the Kazakhs who began to become a minority in their own country.

After Brezhnev, Kunayev became First Secretary. Using ancient Kazakh institutions such as tribal hierarchy and bata, Kunayev forged a new system of exploitation within the already exploitative Soviet system. As the chief of the “tribe” he made all the decisions on hiring and firing of managers of major firms and plants.

Then using bata, or sealed lip, he prevented any information that could damage his operation from reaching the Center in Moscow. The Kunayev empire, built around a core of his kinsmen, grew very strong. It would have grown even stronger if not Mikhail Gorbachev who displaced Kunayev as First Secretary and installed a Russian, Gennadii Kolbin, in his place.

As for Kunayev, he refused to disappear quietly. Rather, he set his own forces into motion and created the so-called “Alma-Ata” riots of the late 1980s, the first to shake the foundation of the Soviet Union.

Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the Paleolithic era. The Botai culture (3700–3100 BC) is credited with the first domestication of horses. The Botai population derived most of their ancestry from a deeply European-related population known as Ancient North Eurasians, while also displaying some Ancient East Asian admixture. Pastoralism developed during the Neolithic, as the region's climate and terrain are best suited to a nomadic lifestyle. The population was Caucasoid during the Bronze and Iron Age period.

The Kazakh territory was a key constituent of the Eurasian trading Steppe Route, the ancestor of the terrestrial Silk Roads. Archaeologists believe that humans first domesticated the horse (i.e., ponies) in the region's vast steppes. During recent prehistoric times, Central Asia was inhabited by groups such as the possibly Indo-European Afanasievo culture, later early Indo-Iranian cultures such as Andronovo, and later Indo-Iranians such as the Saka and Massagetae. Other groups included the nomadic Scythians and the Persian Achaemenid Empire in the southern territory of the modern country. The Andronovo and Srubnaya cultures, precursors to the peoples of the Scythian cultures, were found to harbor mixed ancestry from the Yamnaya Steppe herders and peoples of the Central European Middle Neolithic.

In 329 BC, Alexander the Great and his Macedonian army fought in the Battle of Jaxartes against the Scythians along the Jaxartes River, now known as the Syr Darya along the southern border of modern Kazakhstan.

The main migration of Turkic peoples occurred between the 5th and 11th centuries when they spread across most of Central Asia. The Turkic peoples slowly replaced and assimilated the previous Iranian-speaking locals, turning the population of Central Asia from largely Iranian, into primarily of East Asian descent.

The first Turkic Khaganate was founded by Bumin in 552 on the Mongolian Plateau and quickly spread west toward the Caspian Sea. The Göktürks drove before them various peoples: Xionites, Uar, Oghurs and others. These seem to have merged into the Avars and Bulgars. Within 35 years the eastern half and the Western Turkic Khaganate were independent. The Western Khaganate reached its peak in the early 7th century.

The Cumans entered the steppes of modern-day Kazakhstan around the early 11th century, where they later joined with the Kipchak and established the vast Cuman-Kipchak confederation. While ancient cities Taraz (Aulie-Ata) and Hazrat-e Turkestan had long served as important way-stations along the Silk Road connecting Asia and Europe, true political consolidation began only with the Mongol rule of the early 13th century. Under the Mongol Empire, the first strictly structured administrative districts (Ulus) were established. After the division of the Mongol Empire in 1259, the land that would become modern-day Kazakhstan was ruled by the Golden Horde, also known as the Ulus of Jochi. During the Golden Horde period, a Turco-Mongol tradition emerged among the ruling elite wherein Turkicised descendants of Genghis Khan followed Islam and continued to reign over the lands.

In 1465, the Kazakh Khanate emerged as a result of the dissolution of the Golden Horde. Established by Janibek Khan and Kerei Khan, it continued to be ruled by the Turco-Mongol clan of Tore (Jochid dynasty).
Throughout this period, traditional nomadic life and a livestock-based economy continued to dominate the steppe. In the 15th century, a distinct Kazakh identity began to emerge among the Turkic tribes. This was followed by the Kazakh War of Independence, where the Khanate gained its sovereignty from the Shaybanids. The process was consolidated by the mid-16th century with the appearance of the Kazakh language, culture, and economy.

Nevertheless, the region was the focus of ever-increasing disputes between the native Kazakh emirs and the neighbouring Persian-speaking peoples to the south. At its height, the Khanate would rule parts of Central Asia and control Cumania. The Kazakh Khanate's territories would expand deep into Central Asia. By the early 17th century, the Kazakh Khanate was struggling with the impact of tribal rivalries, which had effectively divided the population into the Great, Middle and Little (or Small) hordes (jüz). Political disunion, tribal rivalries, and the diminishing importance of overland trade routes between east and west weakened the Kazakh Khanate. The Khiva Khanate used this opportunity and annexed the Mangyshlak Peninsula. Uzbek rule there lasted two centuries until the Russian arrival.

During the 17th century, the Kazakhs fought the Oirats, a federation of western Mongol tribes, including the Dzungar. The beginning of the 18th century marked the zenith of the Kazakh Khanate. During this period the Little Horde participated in the 1723–1730 war against the Dzungar Khanate, following their "Great Disaster" invasion of Kazakh territory. Under the leadership of Abul Khair Khan, the Kazakhs won major victories over the Dzungar at the Bulanty River in 1726 and at the Battle of Añyraqai in 1729.

Ablai Khan participated in the most significant battles against the Dzungar from the 1720s to the 1750s, for which he was declared a "batyr" ("hero") by the people. The Kazakhs suffered from the frequent raids against them by the Volga Kalmyks. The Kokand Khanate used the weakness of Kazakh jüzs after Dzungar and Kalmyk raids and conquered present Southeastern Kazakhstan, including Almaty, the formal capital in the first quarter of the 19th century. Also, the Emirate of Bukhara ruled Shymkent before the Russians gained dominance.

Ural Cossacks skirmish with Kazakhs

Map of the Kazakh Territory in 1903

Kazakh woman in wedding clothes, 19th century

In the first half of the 18th century, the Russian Empire constructed the Irtysh line, a series of forty-six forts and ninety-six redoubts, including Omsk (1716), Semipalatinsk (1718), Pavlodar (1720), Orenburg (1743) and Petropavlovsk (1752), to prevent Kazakh and Oirat raids into Russian territory. In the late 18th century the Kazakhs took advantage of Pugachev's Rebellion, which was centred on the Volga area, to raid Russian and Volga German settlements. In the 19th century, the Russian Empire began to expand its influence into Central Asia. The "Great Game" period is generally regarded as running from approximately 1813 to the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907. The tsars effectively ruled over most of the territory belonging to what is now the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The Russian Empire introduced a system of administration and built military garrisons and barracks in its effort to establish a presence in Central Asia in the so-called "Great Game" for dominance in the area against the British Empire, which was extending its influence from the south in India and Southeast Asia. Russia built its first outpost, Orsk, in 1735. Russia introduced the Russian language in all schools and governmental organisations.

Russia's efforts to impose its system aroused the resentment of the Kazakh people, and, by the 1860s, some Kazakhs resisted its rule. Russia had disrupted the traditional nomadic lifestyle and livestock-based economy, and people were suffering from hunger and starvation, with some Kazakh tribes being decimated. The Kazakh national movement, which began in the late 19th century, sought to preserve the native language and identity by resisting the attempts of the Russian Empire to assimilate and stifle Kazakh culture.

From the 1890s onward, ever-larger numbers of settlers from the Russian Empire began colonizing the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, in particular, the province of Semirechye. The number of settlers rose still further once the Trans-Aral Railway from Orenburg to Tashkent was completed in 1906. A specially created Migration Department (Переселенческое Управление) in St. Petersburg oversaw and encouraged the migration to expand Russian influence in the area. During the 19th century, about 400,000 Russians immigrated to Kazakhstan, and about one million Slavs, Germans, Jews, and others immigrated to the region during the first third of the 20th century. Vasile Balabanov was the administrator responsible for the resettlement during much of this time.

The competition for land and water that ensued between the Kazakhs and the newcomers caused great resentment against colonial rule during the final years of the Russian Empire. The most serious uprising, the Central Asian revolt, occurred in 1916. The Kazakhs attacked Russian and Cossack settlers and military garrisons. The revolt resulted in a series of clashes and in brutal massacres committed by both sides. Both sides resisted the communist government until late 1919.

Stanitsa Sofiiskaya, Talgar, 1920s

Young Pioneers at a Young Pioneer camp in the Kazakh SSR

Following the collapse of central government in Petrograd in November 1917, the Kazakhs (then in Russia officially referred to as "Kirghiz") experienced a brief period of autonomy (the Alash Autonomy) before eventually succumbing to the Bolsheviks′ rule. On 26 August 1920, the Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) was established. The Kirghiz ASSR included the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, but its administrative centre was the mainly Russian-populated town of Orenburg. In June 1925, the Kirghiz ASSR was renamed the Kazak ASSR and its administrative centre was transferred to the town of Kyzylorda, and in April 1927 to Alma-Ata.

Soviet repression of the traditional elite, along with forced collectivisation in the late 1920s and 1930s, brought famine and high fatalities, leading to unrest (see also: Famine in Kazakhstan of 1932–33). During the 1930s, some members of the Kazakh intelligentsia were executed – as part of the policies of political reprisals pursued by the Soviet government in Moscow.

On 5 December 1936, the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (whose territory by then corresponded to that of modern Kazakhstan) was detached from the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and made the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, a full union republic of the USSR, one of eleven such republics at the time, along with the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic.

The republic was one of the destinations for exiled and convicted persons, as well as for mass resettlements, or deportations affected by the central USSR authorities during the 1930s and 1940s, such as approximately 400,000 Volga Germans deported from the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in September–October 1941, and then later the Greeks and Crimean Tatars. Deportees and prisoners were interned in some of the biggest Soviet labour camps (the Gulag), including ALZhIR camp outside Astana, which was reserved for the wives of men considered "enemies of the people". Many moved due to the policy of population transfer in the Soviet Union and others were forced into involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union.

Ordabasy (Kazakh: Ордабасы ауданы, Ordabasy audany) is a district of Turkistan Region in southern Kazakhstan. The administrative center of the district is the selo of Temirlan. Population: 114,203 (2013 estimate); 102,875 (2009 Census results); 80,799 (1999 Census results).

The Badam (Kazakh: Бадам, Badam) is a river of southern Kazakhstan. It is a left tributary of the Arys. It flows through the city Shymkent. One of its tributaries is the Sayramsu.

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