The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Қазақстан Республикасы Білім және ғылым министрлігі

Шымкент қаласы №89 мектеп-лицейі

Project work

The theme: The United Kingdom of Great Britain

and Northern Ireland

The auther: 6 «Ә» grade Rahimberdi Shingis

The teacher: Boribekova Ayakoz

2019 year

Contents

I. Intraduction

1The United Kingdom

II.Main part

1.Geography

2People and Culcure

3Nature

4.Government and economy

5.History

III.Conclusion

Annatation

The British Isles lie in the north- west of Europe. There are two large islands, Great Britain and Irland. Great Britain—which contains  England, Weles , and Scotland—as well as the northern portion of the island of  Ireland. The name Britain is sometimes used United Kingdom . The capital is London, which is among the world’s leading commercial, financial, and cultural centres. Other maim cities are  Birmingham,  Liverpool, and  Manchester  in England,  Belfast  and  Londonderry  in  Northern Ireland, Edimburg and  Glasgowin Scotland, and Swansea and Clariffin Wales. The UK is a constitutional monarchy with a parliament and the Queen as Head of State.

Aннотация

Ұлыбритания ( Great Britain), толық атауы Ұлыбритания мен Солтүстік Ирландияның Біріккен Корольдігі (ағылш.United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) — Еуропаның солтүстік-батысында, Британ аралдарында (ең ірісі — Ұлыбритания), Ирландия аралының солтүстік-шығыс бөлігі мен ұсақ аралдарда орналасқан мемлекет. 

Ұлыбритания 4 әкімшiлік-саяси бөліктен тұрады: Англияда Үлкен Лондон, орталығы —  Лондон. Уэльст  орталығы — Кардифф, Шотландия. орталығы — Эдинбург, Солтүстік Ирландия орталығы. —Белфаст қалалары болып табылады. Ұлыбритания елі монархиялык баскаруда баскарылады. Елди Элизабетта II мурагерлик баскарумен елді билеп келе жатыр.Аумағы 244, 11 мың км². Халқы 62,6 млн, астанасы — Лондон (7 млн.). Халқының 80%-ына жуығы ағылшындар, 15%-ы шотландтықтар, уэльстіктер (валлиялықтар) мен ирландықтар, 5%-ға жуығын Британ Достастығы елдерінен келген иммигранттар құрайды

Аннотация

Великобритания состоит из четырех частей: Англия, Шотландия, Уэльс и Северная Ирландия. Англия, в центральной части, занимает большую часть острова Великобритания. На севере- Шотландия и к западу расположена третья часть страны- Уэльс. Четвертая часть называется Северной Ирландией и находится на другом острове. Каждая часть имеет свою столицу. Столица Англии- Лондон, Уэльса- Кардифф, Шотландии- Эдинбург и главный город Северной Ирландии- Белфаст.

Великобритания является страной лесов и равнин. В этой стране нет высоких гор. Шотландия является самым горным регионом, с самой высокой вершиной- Бен Невис. Реки Великобритании не длинные. Самые длинные реки- Темза и Северн. Столица Великобритании, Лондон, стоит на берегу Темзы. Так как страна окружена морями, несколько больших портов лежат на морском побережье: Лондон, Глазго, Плимут и другие. Столица — город Лондон, один из крупнейших городов Европы и финансово-экономических центров мира.Официальные языки: английский (де-факто), в Уэльсе — валлийский.

Introduction

United Kingdom, island country located off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe. The United Kingdom comprises the whole of the island of Great Britain—which contains England, Wales, and Scotland—as well as the northern portion of the island of Ireland. The name Britain is sometimes used to refer to the United Kingdom as a whole. The capital is London, which is among the world’s leading commercial, financial, and cultural centres. Other major cities include Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester in England, Belfast and Londonderry  in  Northern Ireland,  Edinburgh and Glasgow in Scotland, and Swansea and Cardiffin Wales.

Offitial name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Form of governmen: Constitutional monarchy with parliamentary government

Capital: London

Population: 63,742,977

Offishal language: English

Money: Pound sterling

Area: 93,635 square miles (242,514 square kilometers)

Main rivers: Thames, Severn, Tyne Apart from the land border with the Irish republic, the United Kingdom is surrounded by sea. To the south of England and between the United Kingdom and France is the English Channel. The North Sea lies to the east. To the west of Wales and northern England and to the southeast of Northern Ireland, the Irish Sea separates Great Britain from Ireland, while southwestern England, the northwestern coast of Northern Ireland, and western Scotland face the Atlantic Ocean. At its widest the United Kingdom is 300 miles (500 km) across. From the northern tip of Scotland to the southern coast of England, it is about 600 miles (1,000 km). No part is more than 75 miles (120 km) from the sea. The capital, London, is situated on the tidal River Thames in southeastern England.

Main part

Gegraphy

The United Kingdom, also called the U.K., consists of a group of islands off the northwest coast of Europe. It is a unique country made up of four nations: England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. England, Wales, and Scotland also make up Great Britain.

 Much of the north and west of the U.K. is covered in high ground, knife-edged mountain ridges separated by deep valleys. This terrain was shaped in the last Ice Age, when thick glaciers covered the land.

 In the south of England, the countryside is mostly rolling hills.
In northwest England and the Scottish Highlands are dozens of lakes, called lochs. These were left behind when the Ice Age glaciers melted. They tend to be long and narrow, and some are very deep. Legends say that a giant monster called Nessie lives in Loch Ness in Scotland.

Peoples and culture

The British are the creation of waves of invaders and migrants, including Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, and Normans. In the 1950s and 1960s, people from former colonies in the Caribbean, Africa, and Asia came to the United Kingdom to work.

Sports and literature are among the United Kingdom's cultural claims to fame. Soccer, rugby, cricket, boxing, and golf were all invented in Britain. And the U.K. has produced many great writers, including William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens, and Robert Burns. J.K. Rowling, the writer of the Harry Potter books, is British.

Nature

About 5,000 years ago, the center of the United Kingdom was covered with thick forests. Thousands of years ago, these woodlands were cleared by ancient farmers, and today only about 10 percent of the land is forest.

 The United Kingdom's complex geology gives rise to a wide variety of landscapes and a range of habitats for its animal and plant life. But it is a very crowded country, and there are not many truly wild places left. The most successful wildlife species are those that can live alongside people.

 Great Britain's rugged mountains, like the Scottish Highlands, offer habitat that is relatively untouched by humans. The country's 7,700 miles (12,429 kilometers) of shoreline, ranging from tall cliffs to beaches to marshes, also provide homes for wildlife such as seabirds and seals.

Government and economy

Britain's system of government has developed over many centuries. Kings once ruled with advice from a council of religious leaders and nobles. This council eventually expanded into the Parliament, which now passes all the country's laws. Today, the monarch (which can be a king or queen) has no real power.

 The United Kingdom has been a leading trading nation for more than 500 years. In the 19th century, British industry helped make the country the most powerful nation in the world. It is still one of the strongest economies on Earth.

History

The first Britons (people who live in the United Kingdom) were the Picts, who arrived about 10,000 years ago. In the eighth century B.C., the Celts arrived from Europe and pushed the Picts north into Scotland. In A.D. 43, the Romans invaded and ruled for nearly 400 years. They built roads, bathhouses, sewers, and large villas.

By the sixth century A.D., German peoples known as Angles, Jutes, and Saxons were moving into Britain. The Angles gave their name to England, and English people became known as Anglo-Saxons. From the 900s to the 1400s, England was ruled by Viking, Danish, and Norman invaders.

In 1485 the Welsh noble Henry Tudor claimed the English crown and became Henry VII, the first of five Tudor monarchs. Several important lines of kings and queens followed.

 By the 1800s, Britain was one of the most powerful nations in the world. Trade generated immense wealth, and the country built a huge overseas empire. But the early 20th century was a time of setbacks for Britain. Drained by World War I and II, Britain could no longer afford its empire, and most of its colonies became independent

The origins of the United Kingdom can be traced to the time of the Anglo-Saxon king Athelstan, who in the early 10th century CE secured the allegiance of neighbouring Celtic kingdoms and became “the first to rule what previously many kings shared between them,” in the words of a contemporary chronicle. Through subsequent conquest over the following centuries, kingdoms lying farther afield came under English dominion. Wales, a congeries of Celtic kingdoms lying in Great Britain’s southwest, was formally united with England by the Acts of Union of 1536 and 1542. Scotland, ruled from London since 1603, formally was joined with England and Wales in 1707 to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain. (The adjective “British” came into use at this time to refer to all the kingdom’s peoples.) Ireland came under English control during the 1600s and was formally united with Great Britain through the Act of Union of 1800. The republic of Ireland gained its independence in 1922, but six of Ulster’s nine counties remained part of the United Kingdom as Northern Ireland. Relations between these constituent states and England have been marked by controversy and, at times, open rebellion and even warfare. These tensions relaxed somewhat during the late 20th century, when devolved assemblies were introduced in Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Nonetheless, even with the establishment of a power-sharing assembly after referenda in both Northern Ireland and the Irish republic, relations between Northern Ireland’s unionists (who favour continued British sovereignty over Northern Ireland) and nationalists (who favour unification with the republic of Ireland) remained tense into the 21st century.

The United Kingdom has made significant contributions to the world economy, especially in technology and industry. Since World War II, however, the United Kingdom’s most prominent exports have been cultural, including literature, theatre, film, television, and popular music that draw on all parts of the country. Perhaps Britain’s greatest export has been the English language, now spoken in every corner of the world as one of the leading international mediums of cultural and economic exchange.

The United Kingdom retains links with parts of its former empire through the Commonwealth. It also benefits from historical and cultural links with the United States and is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Moreover, the United Kingdom became a member of the European Union in 1973. Many Britons, however, were sometimes reluctant EU members, holding to the sentiments of the great wartime prime minister Winston Churchill, who sonorously remarked, “We see nothing but good and hope in a richer, freer, more contented European commonalty. But we have our own dream and our own task. We are with Europe, but not of it. We are linked, but not comprised. We are interested and associated, but not absorbed.” Indeed, in June 2016, in a referendum on whether the United Kingdom should remain in the EU, 52 percent of British voters chose to leave. That set the stage for the U.K. to become the first country to do so, pending the negotiations between the U.K. and the EU on the details of the separation.

Land

The United Kingdom comprises four geographic and historical parts—England,  Scotland,  Wales, and Northern Ireland. The United Kingdom contains most of the area and population of the British Isles—the geographic term for the group of islands that includes Great Britain, Ireland, and many smaller islands. Together England, Wales, and Scotland constitute Great Britain, the larger of the two principal islands, while Northern Ireland and the republic of Ireland constitute the second largest island, Ireland. England, occupying most of southern Great Britain, includes the Isles of Scilly off the southwest coast and the Isle of Wight off the southern coast. Scotland, occupying northern Great Britain, includes the Orkney and Shetland islands off the northern coast and the Hebrides off the northwestern coast. Wales lies west of England and includes the island of Anglesey to the northwest.

Apart from the land border with the Irish republic, the United Kingdom is surrounded by sea. To the south of England and between the United Kingdom and France is the English Channel. The North Sea lies to the east. To the west of Wales and northern England and to the southeast of Northern Ireland, the Irish Sea separates Great Britain from Ireland, while southwestern England, the northwestern coast of Northern Ireland, and western Scotland face the Atlantic Ocean. At its widest the United Kingdom is 300 miles (500 km) across. From the northern tip of Scotland to the southern coast of England, it is about 600 miles (1,000 km). No part is more than 75 miles (120 km) from the sea. The capital, London, is situated on the tidal River Thames in southeastern England.

The archipelago formed by Great Britain and the numerous smaller islands is as irregular in shape as it is diverse in geology and landscape. This diversity stems largely from the nature and disposition of the underlying rocks, which are westward extensions of European structures, with the shallow waters of the Strait of Dover and the North Sea concealing former land links. Northern Ireland contains a westward extension of the rock structures of Scotland. These common rock structures are breached by the narrow North Channel.

On a global scale, this natural endowment covers a small area—approximating that of the U.S. state of Oregon or the African country of Guinea—and its internal diversity, accompanied by rapid changes of often beautiful scenery, may convey to visitors from larger countries a striking sense of compactness and consolidation. The peoples who, over the centuries, have hewed an existence from this Atlantic extremity of Eurasia have put their own imprint on the environment, and the ancient and distinctive palimpsest of their field patterns and settlements complements the natural diversity.

Conclusion

At the end of my project work, I know and introduce about the United Kingdom. Great Britain, also known as Britain, is a large island in the north Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe. With an area of 209,331 km2 (80,823 sq mi), Great Britain is the largest of the British Isles, the largest European island, and the ninth-largest island in the world. In 2011 the island had a population of about 61 million people, making it the world's third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan. The island of Ireland is situated to the west of it, and together these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands, comprise the British Isles archipelago.

The island is dominated by a maritime climate with quite narrow temperature differences between seasons. Politically, the island is part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and constitutes most of its territory.[10] Most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island. The term "Great Britain" often extends to include surrounding islands that form part of England, Scotland, and Wales, and is also sometimes loosely applied to the UK as a whole.

A single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the union of the Kingdom of England (which had already comprised the present-day countries of England and Wales) and the Kingdom of Scotland by the 1707 Acts of Union. More than a hundred years before, in 1603, King James VI, King of Scots, had inherited the throne of England, but it was not until 1707 that the two countries' parliaments agreed to form a political union. In 1801, Great Britain united with the neighbouring Kingdom of Ireland, forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, which was renamed the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" after the Irish Free State seceded in 1922.

Пайдаланған әдибеттер:

1. Overview of the UK system of government  (ағыл.). Directgov. — «The United Kingdom is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch.»  Тексерілді, 23 қараша 2011.

2. Ұлыбритания. The World Factbook. CIA. Тексерілді, 3 қараша 2011. (ағыл.)

3. Population Estimates at www.statistics.gov.uk

4.  United Kingdom. International Monetary Fund. Тексерілді, 30 маусым 2011.

5 . Human Development Report 2011  (ағыл.). United Nations Development Program (2011). Тексерілді, 6 қараша 2011.

6. «Қазақстан»: Ұлттық энцклопедия / Бас редактор Ә. Нысанбаев – Алматы «Қазақ энциклопедиясы» Бас редакциясы, 1998 ISBN 5-89800-123-9

№89 мектеп-лицейінің

3 Ә – сынып оқушысы « The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Irland» ғылыми жобасына рецензентті

ПІКІРІ

Бұл ғылыми – ізденіс жұмысында оқушым көптеген мәліметтер жинап, аша білді. Сонымен қоса Ұлыбритания ( Great Britain), толық атауы Ұлыбритания мен Солтүстік Ирландияның Біріккен Корольдігі (ағылш.United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) — Еуропаның солтүстік-батысында, Британ аралдарындағы ең ірісі — Ұлыбритания, Ирландия аралының солтүстік-шығыс бөлігі мен ұсақ аралдарда орналасқан мемлекетекендігі анықтады. 

Ұлыбритания Біріккен Корольдігі атауына