Pragmalinguistic features of English-language terrorist discourse

The analysis of ethics in public speaking by Kazakhstani politicians

Анвар Айжан Мейрбекқызы

The blooming of cultural linguistics, science of interrelation and interaction of language and culture, is associated with various factors. In this regard, we would like to clarify the relationship between culture and language drawing on the scholars’ opinions. The relationship between culture and language has been studied for many years, and despite some differences in the approaches, scholars agree that a close relationship exists between language and culture. According to Brown (2000:177), “A language is a part of culture, and a culture is a part of a

language; the two are intricately interwoven so that one cannot separate the two without losing the significance of either language or culture”. Kramsh (1998:3) identifies three ways how language and culture are bound together.

First, language expresses cultural reality (with words people express facts and ideas but also reflect their attitudes).

Second, language embodies cultural reality (people give meaning to their experience through the means of

communication). Third, language symbolizes cultural reality (people view their language as a symbol of their social

identity). Stepanov (1996: 38) stresses that culture is the total of the concepts and the relation among them.

Language and culture are inseparable particles of a whole, which can not exist apart from each other.Thus, the

analysis of cultural concepts enables one to specify the degree of influence of the language on the world view

of a particular ethnic group. Ahmetzhanova (2013:125) emphasizes that the concepts are based on many

traditions, customs, and define the ritual and common verbal behavior of an ethnic group, they make up the basis

for evaluating and determining the values of the particular individuals, processes, events and facts. Karasik

(2009:5) states that the cultural concepts are the points of intersection of a person’s mental world and a world of

culture.

Considering that the concept is reflected in the language, above all, in its paremiological fund, where one

can find the valuable source of the information about the culture and mentality of the nation (Kaidarov, 2007: 221)

we have studied the representation of the concept of hospitality in the Kazakh language through proverbs and

sayings. As the source of the research have been used the explanation dictionaries (Dictionary of Kazakh litary

language, 2013; Dictionary of Kazakh language, 1999; Dictionary of Eurasian linguistic culture of Kazakhstan

(2011); Mankeeva, 2008), dictionaries of proverbs and sayings (Kazakh proverbs and sayings, 1990; 6000 Kazakh

proverbs and sayings, 1995; Malaisarin, 2008; Turmanzhanov, 2004). phraseological dictionaries

(Kenesbaev, 1977; Kozhahmetova et al., 1988).

The blooming of cultural linguistics, science of interrelation and interaction of language and culture, is

associated with various factors. In this regard, we would like to clarify the relationship between culture and

language drawing on the scholars’ opinions. The relationship between culture and language has been studied for

many years, and despite some differences in the approaches, scholars agree that a close relationship exists between

language and culture. According to Brown (2000:177), “A language is a part of culture, and a culture is a part of a

language; the two are intricately interwoven so that one cannot separate the two without losing the significance of

either language or culture”. Kramsh (1998:3) identifies three ways how language and culture are bound together.

First, language expresses cultural reality (with words people express facts and ideas but also reflect their attitudes).

Second, language embodies cultural reality (people give meaning to their experience through the means of

communication). Third, language symbolizes cultural reality (people view their language as a symbol of their social

identity). Stepanov (1996: 38) stresses that culture is the total of the concepts and the relation among them.

Language and culture are inseparable particles of a whole, which can not exist apart from each other.Thus, the

analysis of cultural concepts enables one to specify the degree of influence of the language on the world view

of a particular ethnic group. Ahmetzhanova (2013:125) emphasizes that the concepts are based on many

traditions, customs, and define the ritual and common verbal behavior of an ethnic group, they make up the basis

for evaluating and determining the values of the particular individuals, processes, events and facts. Karasik

(2009:5) states that the cultural concepts are the points of intersection of a person’s mental world and a world of

culture.

Considering that the concept is reflected in the language, above all, in its paremiological fund, where one

can find the valuable source of the information about the culture and mentality of the nation (Kaidarov, 2007: 221)

we have studied the representation of the concept of hospitality in the Kazakh language through proverbs and

sayings. As the source of the research have been used the explanation dictionaries (Dictionary of Kazakh litary

language, 2013; Dictionary of Kazakh language, 1999; Dictionary of Eurasian linguistic culture of Kazakhstan

(2011); Mankeeva, 2008), dictionaries of proverbs and sayings (Kazakh proverbs and sayings, 1990; 6000 Kazakh

proverbs and sayings, 1995; Malaisarin, 2008; Turmanzhanov, 2004). phraseological dictionaries

(Kenesbaev, 1977; Kozhahmetova et al., 1988).

The blooming of cultural linguistics, science of interrelation and interaction of language and culture, is

associated with various factors. In this regard, we would like to clarify the relationship between culture and

language drawing on the scholars’ opinions. The relationship between culture and language has been studied for

many years, and despite some differences in the approaches, scholars agree that a close relationship exists between

language and culture. According to Brown (2000:177), “A language is a part of culture, and a culture is a part of a

language; the two are intricately interwoven so that one cannot separate the two without losing the significance of

either language or culture”. Kramsh (1998:3) identifies three ways how language and culture are bound together.

First, language expresses cultural reality (with words people express facts and ideas but also reflect their attitudes).

Second, language embodies cultural reality (people give meaning to their experience through the means of

communication). Third, language symbolizes cultural reality (people view their language as a symbol of their social

identity). Stepanov (1996: 38) stresses that culture is the total of the concepts and the relation among them.

Language and culture are inseparable particles of a whole, which can not exist apart from each other.Thus, the

analysis of cultural concepts enables one to specify the degree of influence of the language on the world view

of a particular ethnic group. Ahmetzhanova (2013:125) emphasizes that the concepts are based on many

traditions, customs, and define the ritual and common verbal behavior of an ethnic group, they make up the basis

for evaluating and determining the values of the particular individuals, processes, events and facts. Karasik

(2009:5) states that the cultural concepts are the points of intersection of a person’s mental world and a world of

culture.

Considering that the concept is reflected in the language, above all, in its paremiological fund, where one

can find the valuable source of the information about the culture and mentality of the nation (Kaidarov, 2007: 221)

we have studied the representation of the concept of hospitality in the Kazakh language through proverbs and

sayings. As the source of the research have been used the explanation dictionaries (Dictionary of Kazakh litary

language, 2013; Dictionary of Kazakh language, 1999; Dictionary of Eurasian linguistic culture of Kazakhstan

(2011); Mankeeva, 2008), dictionaries of proverbs and sayings (Kazakh proverbs and sayings, 1990; 6000 Kazakh

proverbs and sayings, 1995; Malaisarin, 2008; Turmanzhanov, 2004). phraseological dictionaries

(Kenesbaev, 1977; Kozhahmetova et al., 1988).

The blooming of cultural linguistics, science of interrelation and interaction of language and culture, is

associated with various factors. In this regard, we would like to clarify the relationship between culture and

language drawing on the scholars’ opinions. The relationship between culture and language has been studied for

many years, and despite some differences in the approaches, scholars agree that a close relationship exists between

language and culture. According to Brown (2000:177), “A language is a part of culture, and a culture is a part of a

language; the two are intricately interwoven so that one cannot separate the two without losing the significance of

either language or culture”. Kramsh (1998:3) identifies three ways how language and culture are bound together.

First, language expresses cultural reality (with words people express facts and ideas but also reflect their attitudes).

Second, language embodies cultural reality (people give meaning to their experience through the means of

communication). Third, language symbolizes cultural reality (people view their language as a symbol of their social

identity). Stepanov (1996: 38) stresses that culture is the total of the concepts and the relation among them.

Language and culture are inseparable particles of a whole, which can not exist apart from each other.Thus, the

analysis of cultural concepts enables one to specify the degree of influence of the language on the world view

of a particular ethnic group. Ahmetzhanova (2013:125) emphasizes that the concepts are based on many

traditions, customs, and define the ritual and common verbal behavior of an ethnic group, they make up the basis

for evaluating and determining the values of the particular individuals, processes, events and facts. Karasik

(2009:5) states that the cultural concepts are the points of intersection of a person’s mental world and a world of

culture.

The national language picture of the world reflects the objective reality in the collective consciousness in the

form of total semantic structures, and the nuclear concepts, which represent the highest values and guidelines,

which determine the behaviour of people constitute the most important part of the language picture of the world

(Akhmetzhanova, 2012: 25).

The concept of "hospitality" is associated with the concept of "guest". The word guest is originally Turkic, and

comes from the verb "kon- to spend the night, to sit, to take a place, to settle down". It is, apart from its core values,

contains a wealth of ethnic and cultural information.

Guests are divided into several types in the Kazakh culture, consequently there are many words related to the

concept guest. For instance: arnaiy konak (invited guest), kutty konak (lit. blessed guest - the guest who brings

happiness or abundance when he/she pays a visit), kudayi konak (lit. a God’s guest - a guest sent by God), kydyrma

konak (a sudden guest), kyltyima konak (the guest who always comes uninvited), and erulikti konak – the new

settlers in whose honour a special dinner was arranged (Mankeeva, 2008:256).

The concept of the "guest" among Kazakh people, and among many other Turkic nations is sacred; it is

equivalent to the messenger of God and deserves respect. Thus, in the Turkic languages the term "uninvited guest"

does not contain a negative connotation, on the contrary, an uninvited guest is considered as the messenger from

God, and always treated with a special honor and respect. And this is reflected in many Kazakh proverbs and

phrases like: «Кonak kelse, kut keler» (If a guest comes, abundance will come with him/her). «Konakty kudaidyn

elshisindei kut» (Welcome a guest as God's messenger). «Konakty kabyldamasan, kut, yrys kashady» (If you don’t

accept the guest, there won’t any happiness and abundance at your home). «Kyryktyn biri kydyr» (One of forty

guests is a saint person).

The state language of the Republic of Kazakhstan is Kazakh. The state language is language used in public management, legislation, legal proceedings and paperwork management operating in all the field of public relations throughout the country. Our country is a multinational state and language policy in Kazakhstan has always been aimed at preserving variety and peaceful coexistence of various languages and their natives on the territory of the country. Each language in the country is a national heritage.

Training at schools is conducted in Kazakh, Russian and English. This boosts communicative skills among pupils. Moreover, training in three languages will introduce children to culture and traditions of other nations. 

Each citizen of the Republic of Kazakhstan has a right for free choice of language for communication, training and creativity.    The government creates conditions for learning and developing of languages of the people of Kazakhstan. Impairment of rights related to language use is prohibited in the Republic of Kazakhstan.